Movement and Support Flashcards
tendons, cartilage, ligaments
connects muscle to bone, connective tissue, bone connection and stability
axial/appendicular skeleton
skull, vertebrae, thoracic cage
upper/lower limbs
flat, long, sesamoid, short, irregular
protect organs, muscle attachment
levers
protect tendons
stability, limited motion
ligament attachment
long bone anatomy
diaphysis (shaft)
metaphysics (spongy join)
epiphysis (spongy ends)
red bone marrow (blood cell production)
yellow bone marrow (lipid storage)
articulate cartilage (protect bone ends)
periosteum (outside of bone)
endosteum (medullary cavity)
bone cells
osteogenic cells - produce osteoblasts
osteoblasts - build in/organic components
osteoclasts - break down bone
osteocytes - maintain matrix
spongy vs compact bone
both ideal for weight bearing
spongy requires less ATP to move, resists force from different angles (endosteum-cased lamallae struts with canaliculi openings)
compact resists compression (arranged in parallel osteon, found in diaphysis and epithets)
structurally classified joints
fibrous - no joint cavity
bony - complete fusion of bones
cartilaginous - no joint cavity (cartilage connections)
synovial - joint cavity for articulation
synovial joints
articular capsule - encloses cavity
synovial membrane - produces synovial fluid
articular cartilage - protects ends of bone
synovial fluid - lubrication, nutrients
ligaments - hold bones together
bursae - synovial fluid sacs
functionally classified joints
synarthrosis - immovable
amphiathrosis - slightly moveable
diathrosis - freely moveable
types of movement
extension/flexion - increase/decrease angle between bones
abduction/adduction - away/towards midline
circumduction - distal body part movement
rotation - bone revolves around axis
five main functions of muscles
movement, stability, tissue support, substance storage, heat generation
smooth muscle
walls of internal structures, involuntary, can divide and regenerate
cardiac muscle
only in heart, involuntary, autorhythmic, cannot divide or regenerate
skeletal muscle
most abundant, voluntary, only pulls bone, cannot divide but can repair
skeletal muscle organisation
muscle (organ)
fascicle (muscle fibres)
fibre (myocytes)
myofibril (contractile fibres)
myofilaments (actin, myosin, titin)
sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcomere
cell membrane around myocyte
cytoplasm in muscle cells
conduct action potentials
store/release calcium
contraction site
muscle contraction
myosin head is energised, calcium arrives in area
calcium binds to troponin and releases tropomyosin
myosin head forms cross bridge with actin
ADP+P is released and myosin pulls actin to centre (M line)
ATP attached to myosin, actin releases and exposes active sites
myosin reenergised, reconnects to actin, actin slides closer
contraction summary
acetylcholine releases and binds to receptors (synaptic transmission)
action potential to t-tubule
sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium
active site exposed, connections formed
contraction cycle begins
acetylcholine esterase breaks down ACh
sarcoplasmic reticulum recaptures calcium
contraction ends
relaxation (passive return to rest)
hypertonia, hypotonia, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy
stiff, trouble moving, spasms
floppy, trouble standing, instability
increased use and growth
increased number of cells
decreased use and size
