Communication

Question 1

components of CNS and PNS

Answer 1

CNS brain and spinal chord
PNS all neural tissue outside CNS and peripheral nerves

Question 2

describe neuron structure

Answer 2

cell body/soma (contains nucleus), dendrites (receive information), axon (conducts action potentials), axon terminal (releases neurotransmitters), myelin sheath (fatty covering for efficiency)

Question 3

describe neuroglia functions

Answer 3

support/protect nerve cells, homeostasis, fight pathogens, maintain extracellular balance

Question 4

action potential

Answer 4

resting membrane potential (-70mV),

stimulus applied and depolarisation begins, allowing Na+ ions into cell (+30mV),

repolarisation where K+ move out of cell (more negative),

hyperpolarisation where sodium potassium pump kicks in (sodium out, potassium in),

return to resting potential,

change in charge causes neurotransmitter to be released

Question 5

afferent/efferent/ integrative divisions

Answer 5

afferent is sensory division (receives and relays information)

efferent is motor division (effector tissues move)

integrative is control division (makes decisions based off information and gives instructions)

Question 6

efferent division cont.

Answer 6

part of PNS

somatomotor nervous system, skeletal in/voluntary movements

autonomic nervous system, autonomic functions (smooth/cardiac muscle, nerves), sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 7

structure of brain

Answer 7

cerebrum, diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus), cerebellum, brainstem (medulla, pons, midbrain), longitudinal fissure,(frontal, parietal, occipital lobes), corpus callosum (connection between hemispheres), grey matter outside, white matter inside

Question 8

hypothalamus (nervous)

Answer 8

autonomic functions, emotions

Question 8

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes

Answer 8

motor centre, short-term memory, behaviour

audio, speech, smell

sensory integration

visual cortex

Question 9

thalamus

Answer 9

sensory relay, pain, emotion

Question 10

cerebellum

Answer 10

movement/coordination

Question 11

midbrain

Answer 11

reflexes

Question 12

pons

Answer 12

some respiratory centres, connects medulla and cerebellum to rest of brain

Question 13

medulla oblongata

Answer 13

connect spinal cord and brain, sensory/motor pathways, respiratory and cardiovascular centres, swallowing and vomiting

Question 14

spinal cord

Answer 14

information from receptors to brain, brain to effectors, reflexes

Question 15

spine cross section

Answer 15

butterfly-shaped grey matter in centre, surrounded by white matter, dorsal root (sensory) (have ganglions for cell bodies), ventral root (motor)

Question 16

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 16

flight or flight, noradrenaline, short pre- and long post-ganglionic neurons

Question 17

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 17

rest and digest, acetylcholine, long pre- and short post-ganglionic neurons

Question 18

synaptic transmission

Answer 18

action potential reaches presynaptic terminal
voltage-gated calcium channel opens, calcium enters axon terminal
neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft
neurotransmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors
(next action potential begins)

termination of unused neurotransmitters
enzymatic destruction, diffusion out, reuptake channels