Movement

Question 0

Vestibular nuclei

Answer 0

Revieve info from semicircular canals about position and linesr acceleration of head

Question 1

What kind of movements governed by brainstem centres

Answer 1

Balance
Posture
Orientation of visual gaze

Question 2

Medial vestibular nucleus

Answer 2

Neurones form medial vestibulospinal tract
Terminates in medial ventral horn of cervical cord
Refelx activation of neck muscles for head position

Question 3

Lateral vestibular nucleus

Answer 3

Forms lateral vestibulospinal tract
Terminate in medial lower motor neuronal pools
Activate limb muscles to maintain balance for posture

Question 4

Reticualar formation

Answer 4

Different levels involved in 
Control of eye movements
Sleep
Wakefullness
Spatial and temporal coordination of limbs and trunk

Question 5

Reticulospinal tract

Answer 5

Descending tract terminates in medial parts of grey matter
Influence local neuronal circuits
Coordinate axial and proximal limb muscles POSTURE

Question 6

Superior colliculus

Answer 6

Gives out UMN that project via tectospinal/colliculospinal tract
To medial cell groups on cervical cord
Influence axial muscles of neck
Movements of head in response to visual info

Question 7

Rubrospinal tract

Answer 7

From red nucleus descending into lateral white matter
Terminates in lateral refgions of ventral horn
Distal musculature of upper extremities

Question 8

Where is primary motor cortex

Answer 8

In precetral gyrus of frontal lobe
Brodmanns area 4

In front lays premotor cortex (b6)

Question 9

Where do UMNs originate

Answer 9

In layer V of motor cortex from pyramidal cells

Question 10

Intial pathway of UMNs

Answer 10

Descend into corticospinal and corticobulbar tarcts
Pass through posterior limb if internal capsule
Enter cerebral peduncle
Run through base of pons and arise at ventral surface of medulla to form pyramids

Question 11

What then happens to corticobulbar

Answer 11

Those that innervate reticular formation, red nuclues, vestibular nuclei, pontine nuclei etc leave at appropriate levels

Question 12

What then happens to corticospinal

Answer 12

90% will decussate at pyramids to form LATERAL corticospinal

Undecussated will form ANTERIOR corticospinal and terminates either ipsilaterally or bilaterally

Question 13

Lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 13

Terminates in layeral protions of ventral horn
Some axons synapse directly onto alpha motor neurone (only for muscles that supply forearm and hand)
Most will terminate in pools of local circuit neurones

Question 14

Premotor cortex function

Answer 14

Concerned with using info from other cortical regions to select appropriate movements
30% axons from premotor cortex

Question 15

Lateral premotor

Answer 15

Selection of movement based on external (eg visual) cues

Question 16

Medial premotor

Answer 16

Selection of movement specified by internal cues (performing tasks from memory)

Question 17

Prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex

Answer 17

Play a role in generating the intention to move and converting that intention into a plan
Both have axons which converge to area 6 which contributes to corticospinal and bulbar tracts

Question 18

Lateral pathways

Answer 18

From red nucleus and corticospinal tract

Voluntary muscle movements

Question 19

Ventromedial pathways

Answer 19

From reticular nuclei and sup colliculus and vestibular nucleus
Post and locomotion from brainstem