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PTY1016 FOP 1 > Movement > Flashcards

Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What do normal human movements require?

A

Integration of all body systems; need all functioning systems

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2
Q

What would result from an impairment of one body system?

A

Impact on human movement, but extent of impact may differ

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3
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Standing in an upright posture
Feet parallel and close
Palms forward

All joint angles are zero in this position

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4
Q

Define the following terms:
1. Anterior
2. Posterior
3. Inferior (infra)
4. Superior (supra)
5. Distal
6. Proximal
7. Lateral
8. Medial

A
  1. Anterior: in front
  2. Posterior: behind
  3. Inferior (infra): below
  4. Superior (supra): above
  5. Distal: away from centre/midline of body
  6. Proximal: Nearest to trunk/point of region
  7. Lateral: On or to the side
  8. Medial: relating to middle/centre
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5
Q

Define the following terms:
1. Contralateral
2. Ipsilateral
3. Bilateral
4. Deep
5. Superficial
6. Prone
7. Supine

A
  1. Contralateral: pertaining to opposite side
  2. Ipsilateral: on the same side
  3. Bilateral: Relating to R and L sides of body
  4. Deep: beneath/below surface
  5. Superficial: near the surface
  6. Prone: lie on stomach
  7. Supine: lie on back
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6
Q

What are part of the axial region?

A
  1. Cephalic (Head)
  2. Cervical (Neck)
  3. Trunk (Thoracic & Lumbar)
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7
Q

What are part of the appendicular regions?

A

Upper limbs
Lower limbs

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8
Q

What is the sagittal planes of motion?

A

Divides body into 2 equal, symmetrical halves (R and L half

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9
Q

What is the frontal/coronal planes of motion?

A

Divides the body into anterior (front) & posterior (back) halves

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10
Q

What is the transverse/horizontal planes of motion?

A

Divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) halves

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11
Q

Where is the axes of motion?

A

The axis around which the movement takes place is always perpendicular to the plane in which it occurs

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12
Q

Mediolateral (ML) axis

A

Same orientation as frontal plane
Runs perpendicular to sagittal plane
aka frontal/lateral/coronal axis

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13
Q

Anteroposterior (AP) Axis

A

Same orientation as sagittal plane
Runs perpendicular to frontal plane
aka sagittal axis

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14
Q

Supra-inferior (SI) Axis

A

Runs perpendicular to transverse plane
aka long/vertical axis

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15
Q

Diagonal/oblique axis

A

Perpendicular to diagonal plane

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16
Q

What are the 5 primary movements for ADLs (Activities for Daily Living)?

A
  1. Bending/raising & Lifting lowering movements (e.g. squats)
  2. Single-leg movements
  3. Pushing movements
  4. Pulling movements
  5. Rotational movements
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17
Q

What other movements are required for ADLs?

A
  • Hinge
  • Lunge
  • Walking
  • Carrying
  • Bend
  • Twist
  • Gait
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18
Q

Conjunct rotation

A
  • Only occurs in joints that can rotate internally & externally
  • Volitional control in joints with 3 degrees of freedom (df)
  • Joints with <3 df, this occurs as part of movement but not voluntary control
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19
Q

What are the two basic types of movement?

A
  1. Linear (translatory)
  2. Angular (rotatory)
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20
Q

What is osteokinematic?

A
  • The movement of bones
  • Physiologic movements
  • E.g. flexion/extension, adductiion/abduction
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21
Q

What is arthrokinematic?

A
  • Movement of joints; occurs at the joint surfaces
  • Referred to as accessory motion or joint-play motion
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22
Q

What are the joint structure types? (4)

A
  1. Synarthrodial joints
  2. Amphiarthrodial joints
  3. Diarthrodial (synovial) joints
  4. Biaxial joints
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23
Q

What are synarthrodial sutures and an example?

A

Joints fused together
E.g. Skull - parts of the skull joined tgt by these - inflexible, cannot be moved

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24
Q

Examples of syndemosis joint

A

Fibula & tibia
Radius & ulna

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25
Q

What are the types of Synarthrodial joints?

A

Synarthrodial sutures
Syndesmosis

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26
Q

What are the types of amphiarthrodial joints?

A

Intervertebral joint
Pubic symphysis
1st sternocostal joint

27
Q

What are the types of Diarthrodial (synovial) joints?

A

Hinge joint (uniaxial)
Pivot joint (uniaxial)
Ball and socket joint (triaxial)

28
Q

What are the types of biaxial joints?

A

Ellipsoidal joint
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint

29
Q

Uniaxial joints

A

One plane of movement
Hinge joint - elbow
pivot joint - proximal radial-ulna joint/atlanto-axial joint (can rotate over the other)

30
Q

Biaxial joints

A

Two planes of movement
Ellipsoidal joint (two ovals): E..g. radial-carpal joint

Condyloid joint: e.g. metacarpophalangeal joint

Saddle joint: e.g. thumb

31
Q

Triaxial joints

A

three planes of motion
Ball & socket joint: Hip, Shoulder

32
Q

Arthrokinematic Principles of Movement

A
  1. Convex-on-concave surface movement: Convex member rolls and slides in OPPOSITE direction
  2. Concave-on-convex surface movement: Concave member rolls and slides IN THE SAME direction
33
Q

What is a closed-packed joint position?

A

Surface of the joint’s segments match each other perfectly in only one position of congruency
- Max area of surface contact occurs
- Attachments of ligaments are farthest apart & under tension
- Capsular structures are taut
- Joint is mechanically compressed, difficult to distract (separate)
- Fully extended (e.g. knee locked, all ligaments fully stretched)

34
Q

What are loose (open)-packed joint positions?

A

Joint surfaces do not fit perfectly, are incongruent

  • Ligamentous & capsular structures are slack (X stretched/ X taut)
  • Joint surfaces may be distracted (separated) several millimetres
  • Allow the necessary motions of spin, roll & slide
35
Q

What is the name of the position the joint is in when it is at rest (resting position)?

A

Loose-packed joint position
- position where there is least congruency & capsule & ligaments are loosest/most slack

36
Q

What is active movement?

A

Movement driven by muscle contractions - through lengthening/shortening

You perform this movement

37
Q

What is passive movement?

A

Movement effected by examiner or gravity

Examiner - External forces
Gravity - E.g. hang the arm over the side of the table

Note:
- Examiner - subjective
- Use of gravity - more accurate

38
Q

What is active-assisted movement?

A
  • Add a bit of passive at the end of an active movement (e.g. When you want to reach full range)
  • Assist movement throughout
39
Q

What is overpressure?

A

The full range of motion that the muscle (normal active range) could not bring about

Each joint has a passive range of movement which exceeds its available active range (ownself move). To achieive this range, a stretch (push/pressure) is applied to the end of normal active/passive movement

40
Q

Description and Example of normal soft end-feel

A

Soft tissue approximation

E.g. knee flexion (soft tissue of posterior thigh contacting soft tissue of posterior leg)

40
Q

Description and Example of normal firm end-feel

A
  1. Muscular stretch
    E.g. Hip flexion with knee straight (passive elastic tension of hamstrings muscles)
  2. Capsular stretch
    E.g. Extension of MCP of fingers (tension in anterior capsule)
  3. Ligamentous stretch
    E.g. Forearm supination (tension in palmar radioulnar ligament of inferior radioulnar joint, interosseous mbn, oblique cord)
41
Q

What is end-feel?

A

How it feels at the end of range

42
Q

Description and Example of normal hard end-feel

A

Bone contacting bone
E.g. Elbow extension (olecranon process of ulna and olecranon fossa of humerus)

43
Q

Description and Example of pathological soft end-feel

A

Boggy feel; occurring sooner/later in ROM than usual or in joint that is normally firm/hard end-feel

E.g. soft tissue oedema; synovitis

44
Q

Description and Example of pathological firm end-feel

A

Occurring sooner/later in ROM than usual or in a joint that is normally soft/hard end-feel

E.g. Inc muscle tonus;
capsular, muscular, ligamentous, fascial shortening

45
Q

Description and Example of pathological hard end-feel

A

Bony grating/bony block, occurring sooner/later in ROM than usual or in a joint that is normally soft/firm end-feel

E.g. Chondromalacia, Osteoarthritis, Loose bodies in joint, fracture, myositis. ossificans

46
Q

Description and Example of pathological empty end-feel

A

No resistance felt. Maybe patient’s protective muscle splinting/muscle spasm
Lack of end-feel due to pain preventing patient reaching ROM

E.g. Acute joint inflammation, Bursitis, Abscess, Fracture, Psychogenic disorder

47
Q

What is a kinematic chain?

A

Engineering concept used to describe the interconnectedness of movement segments & muscles to describe muscle movements

Open & closed chains

48
Q

Open Kinematic Chain (OKC)

A

Occurs when the distal segment of the chain “moves freely without any external resistance”

E.g. Chest press

49
Q

Closed kinematic chain (CKC)

A

Occurs when the distal segment “meets a ‘considerable external resistance’ that restrains free motion”

Basically exercises done with feet/ hands on the ground or wall / pressing into the wall/ground

Feet/hands ‘close’ the chain

E.g. push-up; deadlift

50
Q

What are the types of muscle force generation?

A
  1. Isometric
  2. Concentric
  3. Eccentric
51
Q

What is isometric muscle force?

A

Force generation without muscle length changes

Basically not lifting or lowering anything

E.g. wall squat, planks, bicep curl - hold at the top

52
Q

What is concentric muscle force

A

Positive work
- Force generated through muscle shortening

E.g. bicep curl (upwards action; dumbbell going up)

53
Q

What is eccentric muscle force?

A

Negative work
- Force generated through muscle lengthening

E.g. bicep curl (downwards action; dumbbell going down)

54
Q

What is the definition of agonists & examples?

A

Aka prime movers

Muscle/muscle group primarily responsible for producing a motion
- Actively contracts to produce a concentric/eccentric/isometric contraction

E.g. Biceps brachii contracts concentrically to bring about elbow flexion

55
Q

What is the definition of antagonists and examples?

A

Muscle/muscle group primarily responsible for producing a motion that is directly opposite the intended motion

E.g. Triceps brachii is the antagonist of biceps brachii

56
Q

What are the definitions of synergists & the types?

A

Synergist - Muscle/muscle group that assists the agonist to produce the desired motion

Conjoint: provides identical/nearly identical activity to that of agonist

Neutralizer: obstructs an unwanted action of the agonist

Stabilizer: Stabilises proximal joints for distala joint movement

57
Q

What is the definition of fixators?

A

Muscle/muscle group that act to stabilise a bone segment in order for the muscle that attaches to it to move the other segment

58
Q

What is physical fitness?

A

Outcome of Physical activity or exercise

59
Q

What is the difference between physical activity (PA) and exercise?

A

PA: any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure; energy expenditure can be measured in kilocalories

Exercise: planned, structured and repetitive behaviour that is performed for the purpose of improving/maintaining physical fitness

60
Q

What is muscle strengthening?

A
  • Exercises to inc. muscle strength & muscle endurance
  • 7 fundamental process principles: progression, regularity, overload, creativity, enjoyment, specificity, supervision

Strength: max force the muscle can generate
Endurance: time, e.g. reps, how long. you can hold a plank

61
Q

What is muscle re-education?

A
  • Engaging the neuromuscular system to rmb how it work/acts before surgery
  • Creating new neuronetworks (e.g. in children with cerebral palsy)
  • provide feedback tot reestablish neuromuscular control/promote ability of muscle/group to contract (functional movements)
  • Use of electrical stimulators, use of instructions/feedback, manual inputs (e.g. use of hand to adjust/prompt)
62
Q

What is passive insufficiency?

A

When muscles become elongated over TWO or more joints at the same time - reach state of passive insufficiency

Basically muscle 1 is stretched to its max, the lower parts of the muscle cannot stretch anymore

63
Q

What is active insufficiency?

A

Occurs in multi-joint muscles when the muscle is at its shortest length when its ability to produce physiologic force is minimal

Basically, the muscle is contracted to its max, the lower part of the muscle cannot contract anymore

PTY1016 FOP 1 (16 decks)

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