Movement Flashcards
What do normal human movements require?
Integration of all body systems; need all functioning systems
What would result from an impairment of one body system?
Impact on human movement, but extent of impact may differ
What is the anatomical position?
Standing in an upright posture
Feet parallel and close
Palms forward
All joint angles are zero in this position
Define the following terms:
1. Anterior
2. Posterior
3. Inferior (infra)
4. Superior (supra)
5. Distal
6. Proximal
7. Lateral
8. Medial
- Anterior: in front
- Posterior: behind
- Inferior (infra): below
- Superior (supra): above
- Distal: away from centre/midline of body
- Proximal: Nearest to trunk/point of region
- Lateral: On or to the side
- Medial: relating to middle/centre
Define the following terms:
1. Contralateral
2. Ipsilateral
3. Bilateral
4. Deep
5. Superficial
6. Prone
7. Supine
- Contralateral: pertaining to opposite side
- Ipsilateral: on the same side
- Bilateral: Relating to R and L sides of body
- Deep: beneath/below surface
- Superficial: near the surface
- Prone: lie on stomach
- Supine: lie on back
What are part of the axial region?
- Cephalic (Head)
- Cervical (Neck)
- Trunk (Thoracic & Lumbar)
What are part of the appendicular regions?
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
What is the sagittal planes of motion?
Divides body into 2 equal, symmetrical halves (R and L half
What is the frontal/coronal planes of motion?
Divides the body into anterior (front) & posterior (back) halves
What is the transverse/horizontal planes of motion?
Divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) halves
Where is the axes of motion?
The axis around which the movement takes place is always perpendicular to the plane in which it occurs
Mediolateral (ML) axis
Same orientation as frontal plane
Runs perpendicular to sagittal plane
aka frontal/lateral/coronal axis
Anteroposterior (AP) Axis
Same orientation as sagittal plane
Runs perpendicular to frontal plane
aka sagittal axis
Supra-inferior (SI) Axis
Runs perpendicular to transverse plane
aka long/vertical axis
Diagonal/oblique axis
Perpendicular to diagonal plane
What are the 5 primary movements for ADLs (Activities for Daily Living)?
- Bending/raising & Lifting lowering movements (e.g. squats)
- Single-leg movements
- Pushing movements
- Pulling movements
- Rotational movements
What other movements are required for ADLs?
- Hinge
- Lunge
- Walking
- Carrying
- Bend
- Twist
- Gait
Conjunct rotation
- Only occurs in joints that can rotate internally & externally
- Volitional control in joints with 3 degrees of freedom (df)
- Joints with <3 df, this occurs as part of movement but not voluntary control
What are the two basic types of movement?
- Linear (translatory)
- Angular (rotatory)
What is osteokinematic?
- The movement of bones
- Physiologic movements
- E.g. flexion/extension, adductiion/abduction
What is arthrokinematic?
- Movement of joints; occurs at the joint surfaces
- Referred to as accessory motion or joint-play motion
What are the joint structure types? (4)
- Synarthrodial joints
- Amphiarthrodial joints
- Diarthrodial (synovial) joints
- Biaxial joints
What are synarthrodial sutures and an example?
Joints fused together
E.g. Skull - parts of the skull joined tgt by these - inflexible, cannot be moved
Examples of syndemosis joint
Fibula & tibia
Radius & ulna
What are the types of Synarthrodial joints?
Synarthrodial sutures
Syndesmosis
What are the types of amphiarthrodial joints?
Intervertebral joint
Pubic symphysis
1st sternocostal joint
What are the types of Diarthrodial (synovial) joints?
Hinge joint (uniaxial)
Pivot joint (uniaxial)
Ball and socket joint (triaxial)
What are the types of biaxial joints?
Ellipsoidal joint
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint
Uniaxial joints
One plane of movement
Hinge joint - elbow
pivot joint - proximal radial-ulna joint/atlanto-axial joint (can rotate over the other)
Biaxial joints
Two planes of movement
Ellipsoidal joint (two ovals): E..g. radial-carpal joint
Condyloid joint: e.g. metacarpophalangeal joint
Saddle joint: e.g. thumb
Triaxial joints
three planes of motion
Ball & socket joint: Hip, Shoulder
Arthrokinematic Principles of Movement
- Convex-on-concave surface movement: Convex member rolls and slides in OPPOSITE direction
- Concave-on-convex surface movement: Concave member rolls and slides IN THE SAME direction
What is a closed-packed joint position?
Surface of the joint’s segments match each other perfectly in only one position of congruency
- Max area of surface contact occurs
- Attachments of ligaments are farthest apart & under tension
- Capsular structures are taut
- Joint is mechanically compressed, difficult to distract (separate)
- Fully extended (e.g. knee locked, all ligaments fully stretched)
What are loose (open)-packed joint positions?
Joint surfaces do not fit perfectly, are incongruent
- Ligamentous & capsular structures are slack (X stretched/ X taut)
- Joint surfaces may be distracted (separated) several millimetres
- Allow the necessary motions of spin, roll & slide
What is the name of the position the joint is in when it is at rest (resting position)?
Loose-packed joint position
- position where there is least congruency & capsule & ligaments are loosest/most slack
What is active movement?
Movement driven by muscle contractions - through lengthening/shortening
You perform this movement
What is passive movement?
Movement effected by examiner or gravity
Examiner - External forces
Gravity - E.g. hang the arm over the side of the table
Note:
- Examiner - subjective
- Use of gravity - more accurate
What is active-assisted movement?
- Add a bit of passive at the end of an active movement (e.g. When you want to reach full range)
- Assist movement throughout
What is overpressure?
The full range of motion that the muscle (normal active range) could not bring about
Each joint has a passive range of movement which exceeds its available active range (ownself move). To achieive this range, a stretch (push/pressure) is applied to the end of normal active/passive movement
Description and Example of normal soft end-feel
Soft tissue approximation
E.g. knee flexion (soft tissue of posterior thigh contacting soft tissue of posterior leg)
Description and Example of normal firm end-feel
- Muscular stretch
E.g. Hip flexion with knee straight (passive elastic tension of hamstrings muscles) - Capsular stretch
E.g. Extension of MCP of fingers (tension in anterior capsule) - Ligamentous stretch
E.g. Forearm supination (tension in palmar radioulnar ligament of inferior radioulnar joint, interosseous mbn, oblique cord)
What is end-feel?
How it feels at the end of range
Description and Example of normal hard end-feel
Bone contacting bone
E.g. Elbow extension (olecranon process of ulna and olecranon fossa of humerus)
Description and Example of pathological soft end-feel
Boggy feel; occurring sooner/later in ROM than usual or in joint that is normally firm/hard end-feel
E.g. soft tissue oedema; synovitis
Description and Example of pathological firm end-feel
Occurring sooner/later in ROM than usual or in a joint that is normally soft/hard end-feel
E.g. Inc muscle tonus;
capsular, muscular, ligamentous, fascial shortening
Description and Example of pathological hard end-feel
Bony grating/bony block, occurring sooner/later in ROM than usual or in a joint that is normally soft/firm end-feel
E.g. Chondromalacia, Osteoarthritis, Loose bodies in joint, fracture, myositis. ossificans
Description and Example of pathological empty end-feel
No resistance felt. Maybe patient’s protective muscle splinting/muscle spasm
Lack of end-feel due to pain preventing patient reaching ROM
E.g. Acute joint inflammation, Bursitis, Abscess, Fracture, Psychogenic disorder
What is a kinematic chain?
Engineering concept used to describe the interconnectedness of movement segments & muscles to describe muscle movements
Open & closed chains
Open Kinematic Chain (OKC)
Occurs when the distal segment of the chain “moves freely without any external resistance”
E.g. Chest press
Closed kinematic chain (CKC)
Occurs when the distal segment “meets a ‘considerable external resistance’ that restrains free motion”
Basically exercises done with feet/ hands on the ground or wall / pressing into the wall/ground
Feet/hands ‘close’ the chain
E.g. push-up; deadlift
What are the types of muscle force generation?
- Isometric
- Concentric
- Eccentric
What is isometric muscle force?
Force generation without muscle length changes
Basically not lifting or lowering anything
E.g. wall squat, planks, bicep curl - hold at the top
What is concentric muscle force
Positive work
- Force generated through muscle shortening
E.g. bicep curl (upwards action; dumbbell going up)
What is eccentric muscle force?
Negative work
- Force generated through muscle lengthening
E.g. bicep curl (downwards action; dumbbell going down)
What is the definition of agonists & examples?
Aka prime movers
Muscle/muscle group primarily responsible for producing a motion
- Actively contracts to produce a concentric/eccentric/isometric contraction
E.g. Biceps brachii contracts concentrically to bring about elbow flexion
What is the definition of antagonists and examples?
Muscle/muscle group primarily responsible for producing a motion that is directly opposite the intended motion
E.g. Triceps brachii is the antagonist of biceps brachii
What are the definitions of synergists & the types?
Synergist - Muscle/muscle group that assists the agonist to produce the desired motion
Conjoint: provides identical/nearly identical activity to that of agonist
Neutralizer: obstructs an unwanted action of the agonist
Stabilizer: Stabilises proximal joints for distala joint movement
What is the definition of fixators?
Muscle/muscle group that act to stabilise a bone segment in order for the muscle that attaches to it to move the other segment
What is physical fitness?
Outcome of Physical activity or exercise
What is the difference between physical activity (PA) and exercise?
PA: any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure; energy expenditure can be measured in kilocalories
Exercise: planned, structured and repetitive behaviour that is performed for the purpose of improving/maintaining physical fitness
What is muscle strengthening?
- Exercises to inc. muscle strength & muscle endurance
- 7 fundamental process principles: progression, regularity, overload, creativity, enjoyment, specificity, supervision
Strength: max force the muscle can generate
Endurance: time, e.g. reps, how long. you can hold a plank
What is muscle re-education?
- Engaging the neuromuscular system to rmb how it work/acts before surgery
- Creating new neuronetworks (e.g. in children with cerebral palsy)
- provide feedback tot reestablish neuromuscular control/promote ability of muscle/group to contract (functional movements)
- Use of electrical stimulators, use of instructions/feedback, manual inputs (e.g. use of hand to adjust/prompt)
What is passive insufficiency?
When muscles become elongated over TWO or more joints at the same time - reach state of passive insufficiency
Basically muscle 1 is stretched to its max, the lower parts of the muscle cannot stretch anymore
What is active insufficiency?
Occurs in multi-joint muscles when the muscle is at its shortest length when its ability to produce physiologic force is minimal
Basically, the muscle is contracted to its max, the lower part of the muscle cannot contract anymore
