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Internal Medicine > Mouth/Pulmonary > Flashcards

Mouth/Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Oral Candidiasis cause

A

Candida albicans; MCC immunocompromised, corticosteroid therapy, dentures

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2
Q

Oral Candidiasis S/S

A

creamy white patches on oral mucosa that can be scraped off to reveal underlying erythematous mucosa; mouth and throat pain; angular cheilitis

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3
Q

Oral Candidiasis Dx

A

clinical; wet prep; KOH (yeast and hyphae), biopsy (to r/o leukoplakia)

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4
Q

Oral Candidiasis TX

A

antifungals (ketoconazole, fluconazole, nystatin)

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5
Q

Oral Herpes Cause

A

HSV (type 1, 2, 6); transmitted during viral shedding

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6
Q

Oral Herpes S/S

A

painful, intraoral/lips, grouped vesicles after a prodrome of pain, burning, and tingling

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7
Q

Oral Herpes Dx

A

clinical; serology; Tzanck smear (multinucleated giant cells)

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8
Q

Oral Herpes Tx

A

antiviral (acyclovir)

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9
Q

Oral Leukoplakia Cause

A

tobacco, alcohol, denture use; dysplastic or squamous cell carcinoma

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10
Q

Oral Leukoplakia S/S

A

painless, white oral lesions that cannot be scraped off

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11
Q

Oral Leukoplakia Dx

A

biopsy (acanthosis)

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12
Q

Oral Leukoplakia Tx

A

surgical excision; cryotherapy or carbon dioxide laser ablation

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13
Q

Hypertensive Retinopathy cause

A

accelerated hypertension

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14
Q

Hypertensive Retinopathy S/S

A

floaters; blurred vision; distortion; progressive visual acuity loss

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15
Q

Hypertensive Retinopathy Dx

A

fundoscopic exam (arteriolar narrowing; copper or silver wiring; arteriovenous nicking)

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16
Q

Hypertensive Retinopathy Tx

A

regulate BP/HTN; laser photocoagulation; vitrectomy

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17
Q

Diabetes Retinopathy cause

A

hypoxia, neovascularization, and increased viscosity due to DM

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18
Q

Diabetes Retinopathy s/s

A

floaters; blurred vision; distortion, progressive visual acuity loss

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19
Q

Diabetes Retinopathy dx

A

fundoscopic exam (venous dilation, microaneurysms, retinal hemorrhages, retinal edema, hard exudates [nonproliferative]; neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage [proliferative]), HA1C, fluorescein angiography

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20
Q

Diabetes Retinopathy tx

A

glucose control; laser photocoagulation; vitrectomy

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21
Q

Retinal Detachment (EMERGENCY) cause

A

congenital malformations, metabolic disorders, trauma, vascular disease, choroidal tumors, high myopia or vitreous disease, degeneration

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22
Q

Retinal Detachment (EMERGENCY) s/s

A

acute onset painless, blurred/blackened vision (curtain over eye); can progress to partial/complete blindness; photopsia (floaters/flashing lights); visual field defect

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23
Q

Retinal Detachment (EMERGENCY) dx

A

fundoscopic exam (ridges of displaced retinal flapping in the vitreous humor), normal IOP

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24
Q

Retinal Detachment (EMERGENCY) tx

A

emergency consult for laser surgery vs cryosurgery; remain supine with head turned towards the side of detachment

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25
Q

Retinal Venous Occlusion cause

A

atherosclerosis, glaucoma, macular edema, DM, HTN, high cholesterol, clotting disorders, age, smoking

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26
Q

Retinal Venous Occlusion s/s

A

acute onset of painfless unilateral blurring or loss of vision; gradually worsens; dark spots and floaters

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27
Q

Retinal Venous Occlusion dx

A

fundoscopic exam (blood and thunder); optical coherence tomography; ophthalmoscopy; fluorescein angiography

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28
Q

Retinal Venous Occlusion tx

A

laser therapy; corticosteroid injections; vitrectomy

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29
Q

Retinal Arterial Occlusion (EMERGENCY) cause

A

emboli, thrombotic phenomenon, vasculitides

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30
Q

Retinal Arterial Occlusion (EMERGENCY) s/s

A

acute, persistent, painless loss of vision in the range of counting fingers to light perception; worsening visual acuity; hx of jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, weight loss, fever, proximal muscle/joint aches (r/o temporal arteritis)

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31
Q

Retinal Arterial Occlusion (EMERGENCY) dx

A

fundoscopic exam (pallor of retina; arterial narrowing, separation of arterial flow, retinal edema, cherry red spot [perifoveal atrophy])

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32
Q

Retinal Arterial Occlusion (EMERGENCY) tx

A

recumbent position; gentle ocular massage to reduce damage; vessel dilation; paracentesis

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33
Q

cataracts cause

A

natural aging process, trauma, congenital causes, systemic disease, medication use (steroids/statins)

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34
Q

cataracts s/s

A

insidious onset of decreased vision; gradual diminution of vision loss; double vision; excess glare; fixed spots; reduced color perception; typically bilateral

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35
Q

cataracts dx

A

fundoscopic exam (translucent yellow discoloration on lens; dark against a yellow background)

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36
Q

cataracts tx

A

intracapsular or extracapsular extractions with lens placement

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37
Q

Open-Angle Glaucoma cause

A

increased IOP (less aqueous humor flows through canal of Schlemm); chronic

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38
Q

Open-Angle Glaucoma s/s

A

asymptomatic; blinding; loss of peripheral vision

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39
Q

Open-Angle Glaucoma dx

A

fundoscopic exam (increased IOP; increased cup-to-disk ratio)

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40
Q

Open-Angle Glaucoma tx

A

decrease aqueous production (b-blocker: timolol; carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: acetazolamide); increase flow (prostaglandin: latanoprost, bimatoprost; cholinergic: pilocarpine; epinephrine); Brimonidine (a-agonist) will do both

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41
Q

Acute-Angle Glaucoma (EMERGENCY) cause

A

increase IOP (narrows anterior chamber)

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42
Q

Acute-Angle Glaucoma (EMERGENCY) s/s

A

painful vision loss; nausea and vomiting; circumlimbal injection; steamy cornea; fixed mid-dilated pupil; decreased acuity; tearing

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43
Q

Acute-Angle Glaucoma (EMERGENCY) dx

A

fundoscopic exam (narrowed anterior chamber, IOP >55mmHg, firm globe); crescent shadow

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44
Q

Acute-Angle Glaucoma (EMERGENCY) tx

A

IV anhydrase inhibitor (acetazolamide); b-blocker (timolol); osmotic diuresis (mannitol); laser or surgical iridotomy; DO NOT GIVE mydriatics

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45
Q

Meniere’s Disease (endolymphatic hydrops) cause

A

unknown

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46
Q

Meniere’s Disease (endolymphatic hydrops) s/s

A

recurrent vertigo; lower range hearing loss; tinnitus; one-sided aural pressure

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47
Q

Meniere’s Disease (endolymphatic hydrops) dx

A

caloric testing (nystagmus is lost on impaired side)

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48
Q

Meniere’s Disease (endolymphatic hydrops) tx

A

low sodium diet; diuretics (acetazolamide); meclizine; intratympanic corticosteroid therapy; surgery

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49
Q

Labyrinthitis cause

A

bacterial or viral infection; vascular ischemia; autoimmune processes

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50
Q

Labyrinthitis s/s

A

acute to severe vertigo; hearing loss; aural fullness; nausea/vomiting; etc

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51
Q

Labyrinthitis dx

A

CBC and blood cultures to r/o infection

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52
Q

Labyrinthitis tx

A

antibiotics w/ fever or infection; vestibular suppressants (diazepam, lorazepam) during initial acute symptoms; hydration; antiemetics (prochloperazine)

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53
Q

Vertigo cause

A

labyrinthitis, BPPV, Meniere’s disease, vestibular neuritis, head injury (peripheral), vascular disease, arteriovenous malformation, tumor, multiple sclerosis, vertebrobasilar migraine (central)

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54
Q

Vertigo s/s

A

sudden onset dizziness, N/V, tinnitus, hearing loss, horizontal nystagmus, [peripheral]; gradual onset dizziness, vertical nystagmus (central)

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55
Q

vertigo dx

A

Hallpike maneuver will delay nystagmus (peripheral); audiometry; caloric stimulation; electronystagmography; MRI

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56
Q

vertigo tx

A

vestibular suppressants (diazepam, meclizine [antihistamine]); physical therapy; intervention/surgery

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57
Q

acute bronchitis cause

A

viruses (rhinovirus, coronavirus, RSV); bacterial (HIB, S. pneumo, M. cat) for chronic lung diseases

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58
Q

acute bronchitis s/s

A

cough with or without sputum, dyspnea, fever, sore throat, headache, myalgias, substernal discomfort, expiratory rhonchi or wheezes

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59
Q

acute bronchitis dx

A

clinical, CXR (to r/o pneumonia)

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60
Q

acute bronchitis tx

A

supportive (hydration, expectorants, analgesics, b2 agonists, cough suppressants), cephalosporin, macrolide, bactrim (bacterial/chronic)

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61
Q

influenza cause

A

orthomyxovirus (A, B, C); transmitted through droplet nuclei

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62
Q

influenza s/s

A

abrupt fever, chills, malaise, muscle aches, substernal chest pain, headache, nasal stuffiness, nausea (w/in 18-72 hrs); fever (1-7 days) w/ coryza, nonproductive cough, photophobia, eye pain, sore throat, pharyngeal injection, flushed faces, wheezes/ronchi

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63
Q

influenza dx

A

clinical; rapid flu and cultures; CXR w/ bilateral diffuse infiltrates (pneumonia, S. aureus)

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64
Q

influenza tx

A

supportive care (rest, analgesics, cough suppressants), tamiflu (oseltamivir) given w/in 48 hrs; influenza shot

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65
Q

bacterial pneumonia cause

A

streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydia, legionella

66
Q

bacterial pneumonia dx

A

CXR (lobar infiltrates); sputum culture

67
Q

bacterial pneumonia tx

A

antibiotics (macrolide, doxycycline, fluoroquinolone, broad spectrum beta-lactam)

68
Q

Viral Pneumonia causes

A

influenza, RSV, adenovirus, parainfluenza, cytomegalovirus

69
Q

Viral Pneumonia dx

A

CXR (bilateral patchy infiltrates); sputum culture

70
Q

Viral Pneumonia tx

A

supportive, antiviral (oseltamivir)

71
Q

Fungal Pneumonia cause

A

Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida species, Aspergillus species, Mucor species

72
Q

Fungal Pneumonia dx

A

CXR (patchy infiltrate, mediastinal adenopathy, pulmonary nodules w/ ground-glass opacity); sputum cultures (caseating/necrotizing granulomas inside macrophages; fungal hyphae; intracellular yeast)

73
Q

Fungal Pneumonia tx

A

amphotericin B (histoplasmosis); fluconazole (coccidioides, etc)

74
Q

Community Acquired Pneumonia cause

A

Strep pneumo, HIB, M. Cat, Staph aureus, Klebsiella, (bacterial); influenza, RSV, adenovirus, parainfluenza (viral)

75
Q

Community Acquired Pneumonia s/s

A

cough, purulent sputum, SOB, tachycardia, chest pain, fever, sweats, rigors, crackles and dullness to percussion; rust colored sputum w/ single rigor (strep); currant-jelly sputum, ETOH related, comorbid related (klebsiella)

76
Q

Community Acquired Pneumonia dx

A

CXR (infiltrate), gram stain/sputum culture, elevated procalcitonin

77
Q

Community Acquired Pneumonia tx

A

macrolide (Azithromycin), doxycycline (healthy); fluoroquinolone, macrolide + beta-lactam (chronic disease); pneumovax or PPSV

78
Q

Atypical Community Acquired Pneumonia cause

A

Mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella, M. cat

79
Q

Atypical Community Acquired Pneumonia s/s

A

low grade fever, nonproductive cough, myalgia, fatigue; reddened TM or bullous myringitis (mycoplasma); high fever, dry cough, dyspnea (legionella [contaminated water droplets])

80
Q

Atypical Community Acquired Pneumonia dx

A

CXR (infiltrates); sputum culture

81
Q

Atypical Community Acquired Pneumonia tx

A

macrolide (azithromycin); doxycycline (chlamydia); supportive (viral)

82
Q

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia cause

A

staph, pseudomonas

83
Q

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia s/s

A

cough, purulent sputum, SOB, tachycardia, chest pain, fever, sweats, rigors, crackles and dullness to percussion

84
Q

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia dx

A

CXR (infiltrates); sputum culture

85
Q

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia tx

A

ceftriaxone, fluoroquinolone, broad spectrum beta-lactam, imipenem, cefepime

86
Q

Tuberculosis cause

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis; inhaled droplets

87
Q

Tuberculosis s/s

A

cough w/ sputum >3 weeks, fever, night sweats, anorexia, weight loss, chest pain, dyspnea, hemoptysis, post-tussive rales

88
Q

Tuberculosis dx

A

CXR (infiltrates, hilar/paratracheal LAD, segmental atelectasis, cavitations [primary TB]; posterior segments of upper lobes and super segments of lower lobes [reactivation]; ghon complexes/calcified primary focus [healed primary infection]; calcified primary and hilar LAD [Ranke complex]); TB skin test, cultures (DNA/RNA amplification tests); biopsy (caseating/necrotizing granulomas)

89
Q

Tuberculosis tx

A

isoniazid (hepatitis, neuropathy -> give B6), rifampin (orange fluid), pyrazinamide, ethambutol (optic neuritis)
■ LTBI: INH x9mo; RIF x4mo; RIF + PZA x2mo
■ Active TB: INH + RIF + PZA + EMB x2mo

90
Q

Bronchogenic Carcinoma cause

A

smoking #1 risk factor
■ Squamous cell - centrally located; slow growing; hemoptysis
■ Adenocarcinoma (MC) - peripherally located; slow growing; distant metastasis
■ Large cell - peripherally located; slow growing; early metastasis
■ Small cell (oat cell) - central bronchi; early metastasis; poor prognosis

91
Q

Bronchogenic Carcinoma s/s

A

cough, hemoptysis, pain, anorexia, weight loss, asthenia, LAD, hepatomegaly, clubbing of fingers, paraneoplastic syndrome (Cushing’s, gynecomastia, cerebellar degeneration, thrombophlebitis, anemia, acanthosis nigricans)
■ Super vena cava syndrome - dyspnea, headache, cough, arm swelling, etc
■ Pancoast tumor (lung apex tumor) - horner syndrome (unilateral facial anhidrosis, ptosis, miosis, shoulder pain)
■ Carcinoid syndrome - flushing, diarrhea, telangiectasias (endocrine); hoarseness (recurrent laryngeal nerve); exudate (effusions)

92
Q

Bronchogenic Carcinoma dx

A

CXR, CT chest, bronchoscopy w/ biopsy/cytology, PET scan

93
Q

Bronchogenic Carcinoma tx

A

surgery (non-small cell); combo chemo/surgery (small cell)

94
Q

carcinoid tumor cause

A

neuroendocrine tumor; grow slow; rarely metastasize; common in GI tract

95
Q

carcinoid tumor s/s

A

hemoptysis, cough, wheezing, recurrent pneumonia, carcinoid syndrome

96
Q

carcinoid tumor dx

A

bronchoscopy and biopsy (pink/purple vascularized lesion); CT scan

97
Q

carcinoid tumor tx

A

surgical excision, radiation, chemotherapy, ocreotide

98
Q

Pulmonary Nodules (coin lesion) cause

A

TB, fungal infection, foreign body, malignancy

99
Q

Pulmonary Nodules (coin lesion) s/s

A

asymptomatic

100
Q

Pulmonary Nodules (coin lesion)

A

biopsy (definite diagnosis); CT scan

101
Q

Pulmonary Nodules (coin lesion)

A

watchful waiting for size increase; CT q3mo (low probability); excision (high probability)

102
Q

Metastatic Tumors cause

A

bladder cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, sarcoma, Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma

103
Q

Metastatic Tumors s/s

A

new onset cough, shortness of breath at rest, symptoms of primary tumor

104
Q

Metastatic Tumors dx

A

CT or PET scan, biopsy

105
Q

Metastatic Tumors tx

A

excision, chemo/radiation, etc

106
Q

Asthma cause

A

allergens, exercise, URIs, GERD, drugs (ASA), stress, weather changes; obstruction of airflow, bronchial hyperreactivity, inflammation of airway

107
Q

Asthma s/s

A

cough, chest tightness, breathlessness, wheezing

108
Q

Asthma dx

A

spirometry of FEV1/FVC <75%; increase of 10% after bronchodilator therapy (histamine, methacholine challenge test, decline in FEV1>20%)

109
Q

Asthma tx

A

SABA -> low dose ICS + SABA -> low dose ICS + LABA -> medium dose ICS + LABA -> leukotriene modifiers

110
Q

Bronchiectasis cause

A

congenital (cystic fibrosis); infection (TB, fungal, lung abscess); obstruction (tumor)

111
Q

Bronchiectasis s/s

A

chronic purulent sputum (foul smelling), hemoptysis, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia

112
Q

Bronchiectasis dx

A

CT chest (high resolution); CXR (bronchial markings, basal cystic spaces, honeycombing)

113
Q

Bronchiectasis tx

A

antibiotics x 10-14 days (amoxicillin, augmentin, bactrim, cipro); bronchodilators

114
Q

Chronic Bronchitis cause

A

smoking

115
Q

Chronic Bronchitis s/s

A

“blue bloaters”; mild dyspnea, chronic productive cough x 3mos/2yrs; rhonchi/wheeze, peripheral edema, overweight, cyanotic

116
Q

Chronic Bronchitis dx

A

CXR (increased interstitial markings at bases, normal diaphragms)

117
Q

Chronic Bronchitis tx

A

anticholinergics (ipratropium); SABA; antibiotics and steroids prn

118
Q

emphysema cause

A

smoking

119
Q

emphysema s/s

A

“pink puffers”; exertional dyspnea, mild nonproductive cough, normal lung sounds, no peripheral edema, thin, weight loss, barrel chest, hyperventilation, pursed-lip breathing

120
Q

emphysema dx

A

CXR (decreased lung markings at apices, flattened diaphragms, hyperinflation, small/thin heart, bullae/blebs)

121
Q

emphysema tx

A

anticholinergics (ipratropium); SABA; antibiotics and steroids prn

122
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease cause

A

emphysema (destruction of alveolar space); chronic bronchitis (chronic productive cough); smoking, recurrent URIs, pollutants, a1-antitrypsin deficiency

123
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease s/s

A

progressive SOB, excessive cough with or w/o sputum, increased AP diameter, resonance on percussion, decreased breath sounds, inspiratory crackles, prolonged expiration

124
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease dx

A

decreased spirometry (FEV/FVC) w/o improvement with bronchodilators; CXR (hyperinflation, flat diaphragms, blebs, increased markings)

125
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease tx

A

stop smoking; anticholinergics (ipratropium); SABA; corticosteroids; antibiotics prn

126
Q

Pleural Effusion cause

A

pulmonary infection, malignancy, trauma (exudates); CHF, atelectasis, cirrhosis/renal disease (transudates); infection in pleural space (empyema); trauma, aortic dissection, and malignancy (hemothorax)

127
Q

Pleural Effusion s/s

A

gradual onset, asymptomatic; dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, cough; decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, occasional friction rub

128
Q

Pleural Effusion dx

A

PA CXR (blunted costophrenic angle); thoracentesis (gold standard) w culture/LDH; CBC, CMP, BUN/Cr, pulse ox

129
Q

Pleural Effusion tx

A

oxygenation/ventilation, thoracentesis/chest tube; antibiotics prn

130
Q

Pneumothorax cause

A

massive, sudden accumulation of air in pleural cavity (tension)

131
Q

Pneumothorax s/s

A

sudden, sharp, unilateral, pleuritic chest pain, SOB, tracheal deviation, decreased unilateral breath sounds

132
Q

Pneumothorax dx

A

PE (diminished breath sounds, deviated trachea, chest hypertympanic), upright/expiratory CXR, ultrasound chest [Tension: clinical (does not require xray)]

133
Q

Pneumothorax tx

A

support airway/oxygenation; needle aspiration (thoracotomy)/ “pigtail” catheter/chest tube

134
Q

Pulmonary Embolism cause

A

virchow’s triad [venous stasis, hypercoagulable, vessel wall damage], age, recent surgery, previous DVT, hormone use, cancer, long travel, smoker

135
Q

Pulmonary Embolism s/s

A

pleuritic chest pain, fatigue, dyspnea, syncope, hemoptysis, cardiac arrest

136
Q

Pulmonary Embolism dx

A

CT pulmonary angiogram; Wells score, PERC criteria; (PE, EKG, and CXR normal), elevated D-dimer, VQ scan if CT unable or low creatinine/Glomerular filt

137
Q

Pulmonary Embolism tx

A

airway/hemodynamic support, anticoagulation (heparin -> LMWH, enoxaparin); thrombosis for “massive” PEs; IVC filter

138
Q

Pulmonary HTN cause

A

hypoxia, acidosis, veno-occlusive conditions (secondary); idiopathic (rare)

139
Q

Pulmonary HTN s/s

A

dyspnea, angina-like retrosternal chest pain, weakness, fatigue, edema, ascites, cyanosis, effort syncope; narrow splitting S2 and systolic ejection click

140
Q

Pulmonary HTN dx

A

heart catheterization w/ echo; CXR (enlarged pulmonary arteries); EKG (RVH, atrial hypertrophy, RV strain)

141
Q

Pulmonary HTN tx

A

chronic oral anticoagulants, CCB, prostacyclin (iloprost, epoprostenol, pulmonary vasodilator); transplant

142
Q

Cor Pulmonale cause

A

pulmonary HTN, RV hypertrophy, pulmonary embolism, ARDS

143
Q

Cor Pulmonale s/s

A

fatigue, tachypnea, exertional dyspnea, cough, anginal chest pain, hemoptysis, syncope

144
Q

Cor Pulmonale dx

A

right heart catheterization; CXR, EKG (RV failure); ABG, BNP

145
Q

Cor Pulmonale tx

A

diuretics, CCB (nifedipine, diltiazem), B-agonists, prostacyclin, warfarin

146
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis cause

A

unknown

147
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis s/s

A

insidious dry cough, exertional dyspnea, constitutional symptoms (malaise, fatigue, etc); clubbing of fingers, inspiratory crackles

148
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis dx

A

PFTs (decreased lung volume, normal/increased FEV1/FVC); CXR/CT (diffuse, patchy fibrosis w/ honeycombing); bronchoalveolar lavage, biopsy

149
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis tx

A

supportive, no evidence of benefit

150
Q

Pneumoconiosis cause

A

inhalation of coal dust or various inert, inorganic, silicate dusts

151
Q

Pneumoconiosis s/s

A

asymptomatic; dyspnea, inspiratory crackles, clubbing of the fingers, cyanosis

152
Q

Pneumoconiosis dx

A

PFTs (decreased lung volume, normal/increased FEV1/FVC); CXR (small opacities in upper lung fields [coal]; small rounded opacities throughout, hilar lymph node calcifications [silicosis]; linear opacities, interstitial fibrosis, thickened pleura, calcified plaques on diaphragms or lateral chest wall [asbestos])

153
Q

Pneumoconiosis tx

A

supportive (oxygenation, vaccinations, rehab), corticosteroids, smoking cessation

154
Q

Sarcoidosis causes

A

idiopathic

155
Q

Sarcoidosis s/s

A

cough, insidious dyspnea, chest discomfort, malaise, fever, organ-specific involvement symptoms; erythema nodosum, enlarged parotid glands, LAD, liver, spleen

156
Q

Sarcoidosis dx

A

transbronchial biopsy/fine needle biopsy (noncaseating granulomas); CXR (symmetric bilateral hilar LAD, right paratracheal LAD, bilateral diffuse reticular infiltrates); serum blood work (leukopenia, eosinophilia, ESR, hypercalcemia, ACE levels elevated)

157
Q

Sarcoidosis tx

A

corticosteroids

158
Q

ARDS cause

A

previous clinical insult; MCC sepsis, inhalation of irritants, severe pneumonia, head/chest trauma

159
Q

ARDS s/s

A

acute onset of shortness of breath/labored/rapid breathing within 1 week of known clinical insult, low blood pressure, confusion/extreme tiredness

160
Q

ARDS dx

A

acute onset of respiratory failure with PaO2/FiO2 <300mmHg; bilateral infiltrates on CXR; pulmonary artery wedge pressure <18mmHg (CBC, CT vs echo vs EKG)

161
Q

ARDS tx

A

oxygen/ET tube, IV fluids, blood thinners/antibiotics/sedate prn

Internal Medicine (9 decks)

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