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GI > Mouth Cancer > Flashcards

Mouth Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

The rates of oral cancer have increased in the past 30 years. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

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2
Q

Scotland has a higher rate of oral cancer than the other countries in the UK. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

=> does poverty play a role?

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3
Q

Which types of oral cancer have a greater 5 year survival?

A

Lip and oral cavity

compared to tongue, oropharynx and hypopharynx

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4
Q

Are men or women more likely to suffer from oral cancer?

A

Men> women

2:1 ratio

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5
Q

Where in the mouth do most oral cancers arise?

A

Tongue or Tonsil

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6
Q

Prevalence of oral cancer usually increases with age. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

- most patients >50

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7
Q

What are the two largest risk factors for the development of oral cancer?

A

Smoking
Alcohol

especially if patients have BOTH risk factors

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8
Q

Other than smoking and alcohol, what plays into the aetiology of oral cancers?

A
  • Diet & Nutrition
  • HPV
  • UV Light
  • Candida
  • Other infections (e.g. Syphilis?
  • Dental factors
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9
Q

Is there still a risk of oral cancer when using e-cigarettes if they don’t contain the usual 4,000 carcinogenic compunds of tobacco cigarettes?

A

E cigarettes hav:

  • ↑ levels of acetaldehyde from eliquid flavourings
  • Traces of tobacco nitrosamines
  • Diethylene glycol (trace)

The nicotine trace in e-cigarettes can increase BP and HR => Thickens coronary arteries BUT safer than cigarettes in terms of oral cancer

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10
Q

Describe how tobacco is used in other parts of the world?

A
  • Reverse Smoking Caribbean
  • Bidi smoking India
  • Tobacco chewing Asia (Bangladeshi most common)
  • Qat Somalia
  • Water pipe
  • Hookah (filtered through water, more tobacco inhaled and inhaled deeper)
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11
Q

How can alcohol use lead to oral cancer?

A

Alcohol is metabolised to acetaldehyde
=> this is a carcinogen
=> needs to be converted to acetate to be considered harmless

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12
Q

Deficiency in what vitamins raises a persons risk of oral cancer?

A

Low Vitamin A
Low Vitamin C
Low Iron

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13
Q

Why does atrophy of the oral mucosa increase the risk of cancer?

A
  • Makes it more susceptible to local carcinogens
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14
Q

Which strains of HPV are linked to oropharyngeal cancer?

A

HPV subtypes 16 & 18

  • oral sex = risk factor
  • Prevalence ↑ age and no. of sexual partners
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15
Q

How can an oral cancer present?

A
  • ulceration
  • red patch
  • white patch
  • erythroleukoplakia
  • exophytosis
  • fixation
  • bleeding
  • necrosis
  • lymphadenopathy

however, patients can be asymptomatic - even with invasive cancers!

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16
Q

What areas of the mouth are considered “high risk” sites and why?

A

Soft (non keratinizing ) sites
=> ventral tongue/floor of mouth
=> Lateral tongue

Buccal mucosa (Asia => due to chewing tobacco in this area)

17
Q

What sites of the mouth are considered “rare” for an oral cancer to present in the UK?

A
  • Dorsal tongue

- Hard palate

18
Q

What lesions which appear in the mouth could potentially become malignant?

A 
Erythroplakia
Erythroleukoplakia
Leukoplakia
Erosive lichen planus
Submucous fibrosis
Dyskeratosis congenita
19
Q

Having a previous diagnosis of oral cancer increases the risk of it developing again. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

20
Q

How can we practice to detect oral cancers early?

A
  • Be pro-active in screening
  • Record history of lesion
  • Screen soft tissues & record negatives
  • Asks about risk factors
  • Awareness of referral guidelines
21
Q

What symptoms are considered the “WARNING” signs of oral cancer?

A
  • Red / White/ Red & White lesion
  • Ulcer (exclude trauma,drug,systemic etc )
  • Numb feeling eg lip,face
  • Unexplained pain in mouth or neck
  • Change in voice
  • Dysphagia
22
Q

What other orofacial manifestations may present with oral cancer?

A
  • Drooping eye lid or facial palsy
  • Fracture of mandible
  • Double vision
  • Blocked or bleeding from nose
  • Facial swelling
23
Q

If a patient were to present with an ulcer on their tongue, what 4 questions are most important to ask?

A
  • How long has lesion been present ?
  • Is it painful ? (pain = late manifestation of OC)
  • Does patient Smoke/Drink? How much?
  • What colour is the lesion?

GI (33 decks)

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