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Year 4 ENT > Mouth and gum conditions > Flashcards

Mouth and gum conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Leukoplakia

A

White patches in the mouth

Often on the tongue or buccal mucosa

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2
Q

Which cancer can leukoplakia be a precursor for

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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3
Q

Features of leukoplakia

A

Asymptomatic, irregular and slightly raised.

Fixed - cannot be scraped off

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4
Q

Investigations for leukoplakia

A

Biopsy - exclude dysplasia

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5
Q

Management of leukoplakia

A

Smoking cessation

Reducing alcohol intake

Close monitoring

Potentially laser removal or surgical excision.

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6
Q

Erythroplakia

A

Red patches in the mouth

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7
Q

Erythroleukoplakia

A

Lesions that are a mixture of red and white

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8
Q

Which cancer is erythroplakia associated with

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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9
Q

Management of erythroplakia

A

Refer urgently to exclude cancer

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10
Q

Lichen Planus

A

Autoimmune condition that causes localised chronic inflammation of the skin

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11
Q

Presentation of lichen planus

A

The skin has shiny, purplish, flat-topped raised areas with white lines across the surface called Wickham’s striae

Can also affect the mouth

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12
Q

Who normally gets lichen planus

A

Over 45 yo

Women

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13
Q

Patterns of lichen planus in the mouth

A

Reticular
Erosive
Plaque

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14
Q

Reticular lichen planus

A

Net-like web of white lines called Wickham’s striae

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15
Q

Erosive lichen planus

A

Surface layer of the mucosa is eroded, leaving bright red and sore areas of mucosa

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16
Q

Plaque lichen planus

A

Larger continuous areas of white mucosa

17
Q

Management of lichen planus

A

Good oral hygiene

Smoking cessation

Topical steroids

18
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gums

19
Q

Presentation of gingivitis

A

Swollen gums

Bleeding after brushing

Painful gums

Bad breath (halitosis)

20
Q

Complication of gingivitis

A

Periodontitis

21
Q

Periodontitis

A

Severe and chronic inflammation of the gums and the tissues that support the teeth.

This often leads to loss of teeth

22
Q

Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis

A

Rapid onset of severe inflammation in the gums.

Painful

23
Q

What causes acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis

A

Anaerobic bacteria

24
Q

Risk factors for gingivitis

A

Plaque build-up on the teeth (inadequate brushing)

Smoking

Diabetes

Malnutrition

Stress

25
Q

Tartar

A

Hardened plaque

26
Q

Management of gingivitis

A

Managed by dentist

Good oral hygiene

Smoking cessation

Remove plaque and tartar

Chlorhexidine mouth wash

Antibiotics for acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (e.g., metronidazole)

Dental surgery if required

27
Q

Causes of gingival hyperplasia

A

Gingivitis

Pregnancy

Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)

Acute myeloid leukaemia

Medications

28
Q

Which medications can cause gingival hyperplasia

A
  • CCBs
  • phenytoin
  • ciclosporin
29
Q

Aphthous Ulcers

A

Very common

Small, painful ulcers of the mucosa in the mouth

30
Q

Appearance of aphthous ulcers

A

Well-circumscribed, punched-out, white appearance

31
Q

Triggers for aphthous ulcers

A

Emotional or physical stress

Trauma to the mucosa

Particular foods

32
Q

Conditions associated with aphthous ulcers

A

Inflammatory bowel disease

Coeliac disease

Behçet disease

Vitamin deficiency (iron, B12, folate and vitamin D)

HIV

33
Q

How long do aphthous ulcers take to heal

A

Usually within 2 weeks

34
Q

Management of aphthous ulcers

A

Normally self resolve

If persist:

  • Choline salicylate (e.g. Bonjela)
  • Benzydamine (e.g., Difflam spray)
  • Lidocaine
35
Q

Management of severe ulcers

A

Topical corticosteroids

Hydrocortisone buccal tablets applied to the lesion

Betamethasone soluble tablets applied to the lesion

Beclomethasone inhaler sprayed directly onto the lesion

36
Q

2 week wait referral for mouth lesion

A

Unexplained ulceration lasting over 3 weeks

Year 4 ENT (27 decks)

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