Mouth

Question 1

Submandibular and Sublingual glands

Answer 1

Location: Mandibular(Near Neck) and Sublingual(Under tongue)
Serous: Watery, ion rich
Mucous: protein content

Question 1

Parotid

Answer 1

Cheek
Serous cells: watery ion-rich secretion

Question 2

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 2

PNS: produces watery secretion and in large volume

SNS: Biphasic(1.Vasoconsticts with LOW volume 2. Vasodilates with HIGH volume
Reason: SNS causes more proteins, immunoglobins, enzymes to be made which causes the cells to be more metabolically more active which cause release of local metabolites which cause vasodilation.

Question 3

Saliva Formation

Answer 3

Basic unit: Salivon

Anatomy: Duct(Duct Cells)-(Centro acinar Cells)-Acinus(Acinar cells)

FUNCTIONS:
-ALL contents come from the blood
Acinar Cells: Produces initial/unmodified saliva
Duct Cells: Modify saliva by adding or removing ions

Question 4

Acinar Cells

Answer 4

Ion Concentrations(BLOOD)
HIGH: Na+ and Cl-
LOW: K+ and HCO3-

Ion Concentrations(ACINAR CELL): BASAL Vs. STIMULATED
HIGH: N/A HIGH: Na+, HCO3-, and Cl-
MID: K+(slightly higher) MID: N/A
LOW: Na+, HCO3-, and Cl- LOW: K+

Sodium-Potassium ATPase: Keeps polarity in cell
3x Na+ OUT
2x K+ IN

IN Chloride Transport: Brings Cl- into the cell(secondary active transport)
1x K+
1x Na+
2x Cl-
OUT Chloride Channel: Cystic Fibrosis Transcript Related(CFTR) peptide encodes for the channel.
2x Cl- out of acinar cell into acinus

Potassium Transport OUT: Two mechanisms
Paracellularly through(Most likely): through tight junctions
Channel)

H2O Transport OUT: via. osmosis(following ions) paracellularly

Question 5

Ductal Cells

Answer 5

Location: Duct
Sodium-Potassium ATPase: Keeps polarity in cell
3x Na+ OUT
2x K+ IN

Sodium Hydrogen Ion Exchanger(NHE): Apical side
1x H+ IN
1x Na IN
1x K+ OUT

Chlorine Anion-Exchanger-Antiporter: Apical side(Also happens in acinar cells)
1x Cl- IN
1x HCO3- OUT
MAYBE Chlorine Channel: Basolateral side allowing Cl- into blood via negative-positive attraction to Na+

CO2 + H20 -> H2CO3 ->H+ HCO3

Question 6

Stimuli

Answer 6

Two phases:
Cephalic: seeing, smelling, talking about, thinking about food
Oral: chewing, tasting food stuff in mouth(Sour>salty>sweet>bitter)

DECREASE in saliva
-Vagatomy(PNS efferents cut)
-Acute fear->INCREASE in SNS
-Lack of sleep
-Depression