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Biology 1108 > Mount Saint Helen > Flashcards

Mount Saint Helen Flashcards

1
Q

species

A

organisms that can produce viable offsprings

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2
Q

population

A

all the individuals of a single species interact

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3
Q

community

A

all of the populations of living things that interact in a place

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4
Q

ecosystem

A

a biological community of interacting organisms with their physical environment

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5
Q

ecosystem: abiotic

A

climate (seasonality, variability), geology, disturbance (natural/human)

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6
Q

ecosystem: biotic

A

biodiversity, biomass, species interaction, keystone and invasive species

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7
Q

disturbances

A

scale, frequency, and and intensity depends on the event (whether it was natural or human as well)

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8
Q

what changes with elevation?

A

temperature, precipitation, O2, soil, pressure

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9
Q

elevation and latitude

A

because of elevation there is a change in biomes (temp/pressure), changes with increasing elevation = those with increasing latitude

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10
Q

msh before the volcanic event

A

“old growth” forest, rich soil with lots of nutrients, temperate rainforest biome, heterogenous forest

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11
Q

south slope vs north slope

A

south slope used as a “control” (unaffected) to study the north slope

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12
Q

pumice plain

A

most impact, moonscape, nothing alive, covered in tephra

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13
Q

scorch zone

A

least impacted, furthest away, some living plant

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14
Q

blowdown zone

A

trees snapped off at ground, large area

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15
Q

tephra

A

volcanic ash, makes reestablishment harder for plants and animals because it had not macro/micronutrients needed for life

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16
Q

what species will establish first?

A

lupine

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17
Q

what is seed dispersal?

A

how plants move or migrate away from their parent plants

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18
Q

dispersal strategies

A
  • wind
  • animals
  • fruit
  • sticky surfaces
  • humans
  • ballistic seeds
  • gravity
  • rain
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19
Q

seed size

A

larger seeds usually store more nutrients allowing them to withstand more from the environment

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20
Q

cotyledon

A

food and energy stored as fats and oils in the seed for the “baby” plant to grow

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21
Q

large vs small cotyledon

A

large: big storage for energy, able to grow bigger plant, need less outside nutrients because it cannot move so far, lasts longer before sprouting (germination), can grow quickly to overtop competitors before they need to tap into their own food and water, each seed is individually more likely to survive

small: can produce more small seeds cause it takes less energy, longer distance dispersal, has a lower chance of survival (per capita survivorship)

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22
Q

seed coat

A

shell of a seed that gives protection from its environment; thicker it is, the more energy expending to make it

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23
Q

evolutionary tradeoffs

A

there’s a pro and a con for everything as there is no “best” evolutionary trait

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24
Q

animal vs plant reestablishment

A

animals will reach the pumice plain first but cannot survive/reproduce without plants establishing first

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25
Q

early succession

A

The first species to come in and establish in a place with high light

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26
Q

late succession

A

can establish underneath an existing canopy, slowly making their way up

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27
Q

shade tolerance

A

how much light a tree requires in order to live

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28
Q

longevity

A

maximum life span

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29
Q

persistance

A

how little growth a tree can sustain without dying

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30
Q

max growth rate

A

how fast a tree is able to grow under ideal conditions

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31
Q

fitness vs per capita survivorship

A

more fitness, more per capita survivorship

32
Q

bond

A

“permanent” connections between atoms in a single molecule (intramolecular forces)

33
Q

intramolecular bond

A

electrostatic (charge) attractions between molecules that can vary in permanence and strength

34
Q

electronegativity

A

how tightly an atom holds onto its electrons

35
Q

nonpolar covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared equally between atoms, while a nonpolar covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared equally due to a difference in electronegativity between the atoms involved

36
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared equally between atoms, while a polar covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared unequally due to a difference in electronegativity between the atoms involved

37
Q

ionic bonds

A

ionic bonds involve a full transfer of electrons

38
Q

what are partial charges?

A

unequal distribution of electrons in a covalent bond

39
Q

what molecules have the highest electronegativity?

A

fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen

40
Q

importance of nitrogen

A

to make proteins, DNA, chlorophyll, neurotransmitters

41
Q

proteins

A

complex molecules made of amino acids that do many things, synthesized (made) using ribosomes and an mRNA template (translation), can denature (change shape) when too hot

42
Q

what are plants made of?

A

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, CO2, H2O

43
Q

micronutrients

A

needed in small quantities

44
Q

primary structure

A

amino acid chains, peptide bonds: C-N covalent bond connecting AA

45
Q

secondary structure

A

a-helix, beta-sheets, hydrogen bonding

46
Q

tertiary structure

A

R-Groups determine tertiary structures, IMFs, ionic bonds and sometimes disulfide bridges determine exact folding pattern (covalent S-S bonds)

47
Q

quaternary structure

A

multiple tertiary subunits

48
Q

how does lupin overcome the lack of nitrogen in the tephra?

A

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

49
Q

Liebig’s Law of Minimums

A

the organism will only grow until the limiting resource will runout

50
Q

What is limiting in msh pumice plain soils?

A

nitrogen

51
Q

fitness

A

refers to the parents and the number of surviving offsprings that make it to reproduction

52
Q

how do species on msh interact and how might those interactions shape ecosystem recovery?

A
53
Q

what is facilitation and how does it help to initiate ecosystem recover?

A

when one organism changes the environment, leading to its own eventual replacement

54
Q

symbiosis

A

live their lives in close physical proximity (together/ touching) and evolved together

55
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit from the interaction

56
Q

parasitism

A

+, -

57
Q

predation

A

-, +

58
Q

commensalism

A

+, 0

59
Q

herbivory

A

animals eating plants

60
Q

altruism

A

one organism acts to increase the fitness of another organism at a cost to itself (decreasing fitness

61
Q

competition: intraspecific

A

Between individuals of the same species

62
Q

competition: interspecific

A

between individuals of the different species

63
Q

what is the typical progression of communities?

A

Succession is the process of development that over time, gradually and predictably changes the biological community

64
Q

what are the benefits of older ecosystems?

A

high biodiversity, increased carbon storage, improved water quality, unique habitats for specialized species, and often hold cultural and historical value for communities

65
Q

primary succession

A

Starting from bare rock

66
Q

secondary succession

A

Starting with at least some soi

67
Q

vertical complexity

A

different layers of the forest

68
Q

horizontal complexity

A

patchiness

69
Q

early successional trees

A

shade intolerant trees, hare (fast growth)

70
Q

late succession trees

A

shade tolerant trees, tortoise (slow growth)

71
Q

species richness

A

species richness is the total # of species

72
Q

resistance

A

an ecosystem’s ability to withstand change and remain largely unchanged when faced with a disturbance

73
Q

resilience

A

its capacity to recover from a disturbance

74
Q

what increases biodiversity?

A

time,

75
Q

why is biodiversity important?

A

it leads to complexity which leads to stability

76
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

an ecosystem in a constant state of flux (change) due to disturbance and succession

Biology 1108 (4 decks)

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