Mount Saint Helen

Question 1

species

Answer 1

organisms that can produce viable offsprings

Question 2

population

Answer 2

all the individuals of a single species interact

Question 3

community

Answer 3

all of the populations of living things that interact in a place

Question 4

ecosystem

Answer 4

a biological community of interacting organisms with their physical environment

Question 5

ecosystem: abiotic

Answer 5

climate (seasonality, variability), geology, disturbance (natural/human)

Question 6

ecosystem: biotic

Answer 6

biodiversity, biomass, species interaction, keystone and invasive species

Question 7

disturbances

Answer 7

scale, frequency, and and intensity depends on the event (whether it was natural or human as well)

Question 8

what changes with elevation?

Answer 8

temperature, precipitation, O2, soil, pressure

Question 9

elevation and latitude

Answer 9

because of elevation there is a change in biomes (temp/pressure), changes with increasing elevation = those with increasing latitude

Question 10

msh before the volcanic event

Answer 10

“old growth” forest, rich soil with lots of nutrients, temperate rainforest biome, heterogenous forest

Question 11

south slope vs north slope

Answer 11

south slope used as a “control” (unaffected) to study the north slope

Question 12

pumice plain

Answer 12

most impact, moonscape, nothing alive, covered in tephra

Question 13

scorch zone

Answer 13

least impacted, furthest away, some living plant

Question 14

blowdown zone

Answer 14

trees snapped off at ground, large area

Question 15

tephra

Answer 15

volcanic ash, makes reestablishment harder for plants and animals because it had not macro/micronutrients needed for life

Question 16

what species will establish first?

Answer 16

lupine

Question 17

what is seed dispersal?

Answer 17

how plants move or migrate away from their parent plants

Question 18

dispersal strategies

Answer 18

• wind
• animals
• fruit
• sticky surfaces
• humans
• ballistic seeds
• gravity
• rain

Question 19

seed size

Answer 19

larger seeds usually store more nutrients allowing them to withstand more from the environment

Question 20

cotyledon

Answer 20

food and energy stored as fats and oils in the seed for the “baby” plant to grow

Question 21

large vs small cotyledon

Answer 21

large: big storage for energy, able to grow bigger plant, need less outside nutrients because it cannot move so far, lasts longer before sprouting (germination), can grow quickly to overtop competitors before they need to tap into their own food and water, each seed is individually more likely to survive

small: can produce more small seeds cause it takes less energy, longer distance dispersal, has a lower chance of survival (per capita survivorship)

Question 22

seed coat

Answer 22

shell of a seed that gives protection from its environment; thicker it is, the more energy expending to make it

Question 23

evolutionary tradeoffs

Answer 23

there’s a pro and a con for everything as there is no “best” evolutionary trait

Question 24

animal vs plant reestablishment

Answer 24

animals will reach the pumice plain first but cannot survive/reproduce without plants establishing first

Question 25

early succession

Answer 25

The first species to come in and establish in a place with high light

Question 26

late succession

Answer 26

can establish underneath an existing canopy, slowly making their way up

Question 27

shade tolerance

Answer 27

how much light a tree requires in order to live

Question 28

longevity

Answer 28

maximum life span

Question 29

persistance

Answer 29

how little growth a tree can sustain without dying

Question 30

max growth rate

Answer 30

how fast a tree is able to grow under ideal conditions

Question 31

fitness vs per capita survivorship

Answer 31

more fitness, more per capita survivorship

Question 32

bond

Answer 32

“permanent” connections between atoms in a single molecule (intramolecular forces)

Question 33

intramolecular bond

Answer 33

electrostatic (charge) attractions between molecules that can vary in permanence and strength

Question 34

electronegativity

Answer 34

how tightly an atom holds onto its electrons

Question 35

nonpolar covalent bonds

Answer 35

electrons are shared equally between atoms, while a nonpolar covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared equally due to a difference in electronegativity between the atoms involved

Question 36

polar covalent bonds

Answer 36

electrons are shared equally between atoms, while a polar covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared unequally due to a difference in electronegativity between the atoms involved

Question 37

ionic bonds

Answer 37

ionic bonds involve a full transfer of electrons

Question 38

what are partial charges?

Answer 38

unequal distribution of electrons in a covalent bond

Question 39

what molecules have the highest electronegativity?

Answer 39

fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 40

importance of nitrogen

Answer 40

to make proteins, DNA, chlorophyll, neurotransmitters

Question 41

proteins

Answer 41

complex molecules made of amino acids that do many things, synthesized (made) using ribosomes and an mRNA template (translation), can denature (change shape) when too hot

Question 42

what are plants made of?

Answer 42

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, CO2, H2O

Question 43

micronutrients

Answer 43

needed in small quantities

Question 44

primary structure

Answer 44

amino acid chains, peptide bonds: C-N covalent bond connecting AA

Question 45

secondary structure

Answer 45

a-helix, beta-sheets, hydrogen bonding

Question 46

tertiary structure

Answer 46

R-Groups determine tertiary structures, IMFs, ionic bonds and sometimes disulfide bridges determine exact folding pattern (covalent S-S bonds)

Question 47

quaternary structure

Answer 47

multiple tertiary subunits

Question 48

how does lupin overcome the lack of nitrogen in the tephra?

Answer 48

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Question 49

Liebig's Law of Minimums

Answer 49

the organism will only grow until the limiting resource will runout

Question 50

What is limiting in msh pumice plain soils?

Answer 50

nitrogen

Question 51

fitness

Answer 51

refers to the parents and the number of surviving offsprings that make it to reproduction

Question 52

how do species on msh interact and how might those interactions shape ecosystem recovery?

Question 53

what is facilitation and how does it help to initiate ecosystem recover?

Answer 53

when one organism changes the environment, leading to its own eventual replacement

Question 54

symbiosis

Answer 54

live their lives in close physical proximity (together/ touching) and evolved together

Question 55

mutualism

Answer 55

both species benefit from the interaction

Question 56

parasitism

Answer 56

+, -

Question 57

predation

Answer 57

-, +

Question 58

commensalism

Answer 58

+, 0

Question 59

herbivory

Answer 59

animals eating plants

Question 60

altruism

Answer 60

one organism acts to increase the fitness of another organism at a cost to itself (decreasing fitness

Question 61

competition: intraspecific

Answer 61

Between individuals of the same species

Question 62

competition: interspecific

Answer 62

between individuals of the different species

Question 63

what is the typical progression of communities?

Answer 63

Succession is the process of development that over time, gradually and predictably changes the biological community

Question 64

what are the benefits of older ecosystems?

Answer 64

high biodiversity, increased carbon storage, improved water quality, unique habitats for specialized species, and often hold cultural and historical value for communities

Question 65

primary succession

Answer 65

Starting from bare rock

Question 66

secondary succession

Answer 66

Starting with at least some soi

Question 67

vertical complexity

Answer 67

different layers of the forest

Question 68

horizontal complexity

Answer 68

patchiness

Question 69

early successional trees

Answer 69

shade intolerant trees, hare (fast growth)

Question 70

late succession trees

Answer 70

shade tolerant trees, tortoise (slow growth)

Question 71

species richness

Answer 71

species richness is the total # of species

Question 72

resistance

Answer 72

an ecosystem's ability to withstand change and remain largely unchanged when faced with a disturbance

Question 73

resilience

Answer 73

its capacity to recover from a disturbance

Question 74

what increases biodiversity?

Answer 74

time,

Question 75

why is biodiversity important?

Answer 75

it leads to complexity which leads to stability

Question 76

dynamic equilibrium

Answer 76

an ecosystem in a constant state of flux (change) due to disturbance and succession