Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Internal medicoine > Motor System > Flashcards

Motor System Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory disturbances of the hand

A
  • The carpal tunnel syndrome causes painful aches and needles which wake the patient at night and are relieved by movement or a change in position.
  • Cervical spondylosis causes a feeling of ordinary pain or just numbness in the appropriate root distribution. The patient usually points to the back of the hand but may have little or no pain in the neck.
  • Ulnar nerve lesion also causes numbness or loss of feeling.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Twelve cranial nerves

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigerminal
Abducens
Facial
Vastibulococchlear
Glossopharyngeal 
Accessory
Hypoglossia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lower motor dermatomes

A

Hip flexion: Iliopsoas L1,L2
Plantar flexion: Gastronemicus, S1
Hip extension: Glutei L4,L5
Dorsiflexion: anterior tibialis muscle L4,L5
Hip adductors: adductors in the muscle, L2-L4
Knee flexion: hamstrings L3,L4
Knee extension: quadricepsL5,S1
Inversion: anterior and posterior tibialis muscle, L4
Eversion: Peronei muscle, S1
Extension of the great toe: extensor hallucis longus, L5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hyposmia or Amos Mia ( loss of sense of smell )

A
  • upper respiratory infection
  • sinus disease
  • damage to olfactory filaments after head injury or trauma
  • smoking
  • old age
  • tumors of ethmoid bone
  • Parkinson’s dx
  • Alzheimer’s dx
  • Harrington’s dx
  • kartegener’s syndrome
  • local compression of olfactory nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hyposmia or Amos Mia ( loss of sense of smell )

A
  • upper respiratory infection
  • sinus disease
  • damage to olfactory filaments after head injury or trauma
  • smoking
  • old age
  • tumors of ethmoid bone
  • Parkinson’s dx
  • Alzheimer’s dx
  • Harrington’s dx
  • kartegener’s syndrome
  • local compression of olfactory nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DDx of anosmia

A
  • upper respiratory infections
  • covid 19
  • tumor on the ethmoid bone
  • head trauma
  • smoking
  • old age
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Huntington’s disease
  • kartenger’s disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DDx of unilateral anosmia

A
  • subfrontal meningioma

- mucous blocked nostril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DDx of ptosis

A
  • cranial nerve 3 palsy
  • senile ptosis
  • myotonic dystrophy
  • myasthenia gravis
  • eye lid tumor
  • paralysis of the lavatory muscle causing complete ptosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

DDx of dilated pupil

A
  • cranial nerve 3 palsy
  • pharmacological treatment with a dilating agent
  • post surgical
  • Aldies tonic pupil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DDx of constricted pupil

A
  • Horner syndrome
  • late stage of Aldies tonic pupil
  • pharmacological treatment with constricting agent eg pilocarpine
  • mydriasid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DDx of nystagmus

A

/ disease of the 8th cranial nerve and it’s connection to the brain

  • cerebellar disease
  • multiple sclerosis
  • meningitis
  • vascular disease
  • heredity ataxia
  • basilar artery ischemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In motor exam upper

A

W
I-introduce and inform patient about the whole procedure and ask for name and age
P- permission and pain
E- expose patient the arms and legs
R- lying supine with arms by his side and pillow under his head
Ask if he is left handed or right handed
Abnormal posture( lateral or medial rotation or clawing of hand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tone upper

A

Hypotonic: lower motor neuron lesion and cerebellar lesion
Hypertonic:
Spastic rigidity- upper or pyrimidial motor lesion. Clasp knife movement
Lead pipe rigidity: extrapyrimidial lesion . Parkinsonism disease
Cog wheel: tremors+ lead pipe rigidity
Seen in Parkinsonism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Protonator drift

A

Extend hand with palmar surface up and ask to close the eyes

  • unilateral protonator drift implies pyrimidial distribution of weakness old stroke
  • bilateral pronates drift implies weakness of both hands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pyrimidial lesion

A

Pyramidal signs indicate that the pyramidal tract is affected in some region. Pyramidal tract dysfunction can lead to clinical presentations like spasticity, weakness, slowing of rapid alternating movements, hyperreflexia, and Babinski sign.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pyrimidial lesion

A
  • Pyramidal signs indicate that the pyramidal tract is affected in some region. Pyramidal tract dysfunction can lead to clinical presentations like spasticity, weakness, slowing of rapid alternating movements, hyperreflexia, and Babinski sign.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Compartmental Power

A
  • shoulder : abduction(deltoid C4) and adductor C5
  • elbow : flexion(biceps C6) and extension (triceps C7)
  • wrist extension by radial nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Grading of reflexes

A

Hyperactive, normal , sluggish/ diminished and absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Reflex interpretation

A

Interpretation on CNS

  • wrong technique
  • isolated loss of a reflex that can point to a radiculopathy affecting that segment eig loss of biceps jerk if there s a C5-C6 disc prolapse
  • isolated loss of a reflex that can point to a radiculopathy affecting that segment eig loss of ankle jerk if there is an S1 disc prolapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Unsustained clonus less than five beat

A

Physiological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sustained clonus greater than five beats

A

Pathological

Lesion to the pyrimidial tract

22
Q

Plantar reflex

A

Normal: flexor plantar reflex that is flexion of the big toe and adduction of the other toes
Abnormal: extensor plantar reflex that is extension of the big toe with abduction (fanning) of the other toes. This is the positive Babinski sign and signifies UMN lesion

23
Q

Abdominal refle T8-T10

A
  • moving the sharp object lateral to medial
  • you will see contractions of the abdominal muscles and deviation of the umbilicus to the stimulus
    This is normal
    When reflex when not seen is due to UMN lesion above the segmental level
    Reflex can be lost due to obesity, pregnancy, multiparous woman, age, abdominal surgery, when process is done repeatedly several times the reflex disappears
24
Q

Abdominal reflex helps to

A
  • helpful as a localizing sign in patient’s with thoracic cord lesion
  • Above umbilicus lesions T8-T10
  • below umbilicus T10-12
25
Q

DDx of anosmia

A
  • upper respiratory infections
  • covid 19
  • tumor on the ethmoid bone
  • head trauma
  • smoking
  • old age
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Huntington’s disease
  • kartenger’s disease
26
Q

DDx of unilateral anosmia

A
  • subfrontal meningioma

- mucous blocked nostril

27
Q

DDx of ptosis

A
  • cranial nerve 3 palsy
  • senile ptosis
  • myotonic dystrophy
  • myasthenia gravis
  • eye lid tumor
  • paralysis of the lavatory muscle causing complete ptosis
28
Q

DDx of dilated pupil

A
  • cranial nerve 3 palsy
  • pharmacological treatment with a dilating agent
  • post surgical
  • Aldies tonic pupil
29
Q

DDx of constricted pupil

A
  • Horner syndrome
  • late stage of Aldies tonic pupil
  • pharmacological treatment with constricting agent eg pilocarpine
  • mydriasid
30
Q

DDx of nystagmus

A

/ disease of the 8th cranial nerve and it’s connection to the brain

  • cerebellar disease
  • multiple sclerosis
  • meningitis
  • vascular disease
  • heredity ataxia
  • basilar artery ischemia
31
Q

In motor exam upper

A

W
I-introduce and inform patient about the whole procedure and ask for name and age
P- permission and pain
E- expose patient the arms and legs
R- lying supine with arms by his side and pillow under his head
Ask if he is left handed or right handed
Abnormal posture( lateral or medial rotation or clawing of hand)

32
Q

Tone upper

A

Hypotonic: lower motor neuron lesion and cerebellar lesion
Hypertonic:
Spastic rigidity- upper or pyrimidial motor lesion. Clasp knife movement
Lead pipe rigidity: extrapyrimidial lesion . Parkinsonism disease
Cog wheel: tremors+ lead pipe rigidity
Seen in Parkinsonism

33
Q

Protonator drift

A

Extend hand with palmar surface up and ask to close the eyes

  • unilateral protonator drift implies pyrimidial distribution of weakness old stroke
  • bilateral pronates drift implies weakness of both hands
34
Q

Pyrimidial lesion

A

Pyramidal signs indicate that the pyramidal tract is affected in some region. Pyramidal tract dysfunction can lead to clinical presentations like spasticity, weakness, slowing of rapid alternating movements, hyperreflexia, and Babinski sign.

35
Q

Pyrimidial lesion

A
  • Pyramidal signs indicate that the pyramidal tract is affected in some region. Pyramidal tract dysfunction can lead to clinical presentations like spasticity, weakness, slowing of rapid alternating movements, hyperreflexia, and Babinski sign.
36
Q

Compartmental Power

A
  • shoulder : abduction(deltoid C4) and adductor C5
  • elbow : flexion(biceps C6) and extension (triceps C7)
  • wrist extension by radial nerve
37
Q

Grading of reflexes

A

Hyperactive, normal , sluggish/ diminished and absent

38
Q

DDx of anosmia

A
  • upper respiratory infections
  • covid 19
  • tumor on the ethmoid bone
  • head trauma
  • smoking
  • old age
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Huntington’s disease
  • kartenger’s disease
39
Q

DDx of unilateral anosmia

A
  • subfrontal meningioma

- mucous blocked nostril

40
Q

DDx of ptosis

A
  • cranial nerve 3 palsy
  • senile ptosis
  • myotonic dystrophy
  • myasthenia gravis
  • eye lid tumor
  • paralysis of the lavatory muscle causing complete ptosis
41
Q

DDx of dilated pupil

A
  • cranial nerve 3 palsy
  • pharmacological treatment with a dilating agent
  • post surgical
  • Aldies tonic pupil
42
Q

DDx of constricted pupil

A
  • Horner syndrome
  • late stage of Aldies tonic pupil
  • pharmacological treatment with constricting agent eg pilocarpine
  • mydriasid
43
Q

DDx of nystagmus

A

/ disease of the 8th cranial nerve and it’s connection to the brain

  • cerebellar disease
  • multiple sclerosis
  • meningitis
  • vascular disease
  • heredity ataxia
  • basilar artery ischemia
44
Q

In motor exam upper

A

W
I-introduce and inform patient about the whole procedure and ask for name and age
P- permission and pain
E- expose patient the arms and legs
R- lying supine with arms by his side and pillow under his head
Ask if he is left handed or right handed
Abnormal posture( lateral or medial rotation or clawing of hand)

45
Q

Tone upper

A

Hypotonic: lower motor neuron lesion and cerebellar lesion
Hypertonic:
Spastic rigidity- upper or pyrimidial motor lesion. Clasp knife movement
Lead pipe rigidity: extrapyrimidial lesion . Parkinsonism disease
Cog wheel: tremors+ lead pipe rigidity
Seen in Parkinsonism

46
Q

Protonator drift

A

Extend hand with palmar surface up and ask to close the eyes

  • unilateral protonator drift implies pyrimidial distribution of weakness old stroke
  • bilateral pronates drift implies weakness of both hands
47
Q

Pyrimidial lesion

A

Pyramidal signs indicate that the pyramidal tract is affected in some region. Pyramidal tract dysfunction can lead to clinical presentations like spasticity, weakness, slowing of rapid alternating movements, hyperreflexia, and Babinski sign.

48
Q

Pyrimidial lesion

A
  • Pyramidal signs indicate that the pyramidal tract is affected in some region. Pyramidal tract dysfunction can lead to clinical presentations like spasticity, weakness, slowing of rapid alternating movements, hyperreflexia, and Babinski sign.
49
Q

Compartmental Power

A
  • shoulder : abduction(deltoid C4) and adductor C5
  • elbow : flexion(biceps C6) and extension (triceps C7)
  • wrist extension by radial nerve
50
Q

Grading of reflexes

A

Hyperactive, normal , sluggish/ diminished and absent

51
Q

Musculoskeletal chest pain

A

Costochondritis: sternal pain worsened by movements, costochondral junction sensitive to Palpation, worse on the left side, relieves by anti inflammatory agent or steroid injection. Positional chest pain
Cervical radiculitis: constant pain or shooting pains, may be dermatomal distribution, worsened by neck motion

Internal medicoine (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions