Diseases Flashcards
Type 1 diabetes
The body is unable to produce insulin due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
Onset usually several days to weeks
Odq: GI problems
If known diabetic ask about the type of diabetes
If taking insulin ask about whether injection or pump
Signs: Polyuria with severe nocturnal urination Polydipsia Unexplained weight loss due to breakdown of body muscle (wasting) Excessive eating Fatigue Nausea Blurred vision Diagnosis: - fasting plasma glucose levels - screening - random plasma glucose levels
Atrial fibrillation
Bh
Mitral regurgitation
By
Aortic regurgitation
Bh
Congestive heart failure
Bipedal oedema
Hepatomegaly
B
Spleenomegaly
G
Hepatomegaly with ascites
Hb
Chronic liver disease
Ch
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Bbs
Liver cirrhosis
Big
Hemiparesis
Do
Paraplegia
Bd
Pneumonia
Ah
Copd
Sb
Asthma
B
Pleural oedema
B
Stroke
Bad
Sickle cell disease
D
Focused diabetes
- Is the patient’s diabetes generally well controlled, with near-normal blood glucose levels? (Patients with poorly controlled blood glucose levels heal more slowly and are at increased risk for infection and other complications)
- Does the patient have severe hypoglycemic reactions? (If the patient has episodes of severe hypoglycemia and therefore is at risk for losing consciousness, this possibility must be addressed, especially if the patient drives)
- Does the patient self-monitor his or her blood glucose levels? (Note the frequency and range of values at each time of day; an increasing number of patients monitor with continuous sensors)
- foot examination
Regarding hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia
- Has the patient experienced recent polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia, or weight loss?
- Has the patient had episodes of unexplained hypoglycemia? If so, when, how often, and how does the patient treat these episodes?
- Does the patient have hypertension? What medications are taken?
- Has the patient had a stroke or transient ischemic attack?
Diabetes differential diagnosis
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- type 2 diabetes
- insulin resistance
- diabetic nephropathy
- lead nephropathy
- cystic fibrosis
- drugs eg glucocorticoids
Ddx of hyperacusis
- paralysis of the stapedius muscle due to Bell’s palsy
- tinnitus
- Ménière’s disease
- migraine headache
- temporal lobe epilepsy
- Lyme disease
Ddx of stroke in elderly patients
Non modifiable: sex, genetics, age
Modifiable: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking, alcohol
Ddx in younger patients stroke
- oral contraceptives
- hypercoagulable states such as protein C and S deficiency,
- vasoactive drug use such as cocaine, amphetamine
- polycythemia Vera
Sickle cell disease
