Motor Skills Acquisition Flashcards
crossed extension reflex
integration: medulla position: supine, head midline, 1LE flexed, 1LE extended stimulation: flexion of extended LE response: extension of other LE
flexion withdrawal
integration: medulla position: supine, head midline, LE extension stimulation: stimulate plantar surface of one foot response: flexion of stimulated LE
asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
integration: pons position: supine, head in midline stimulation: turn head to one side (leave there) response: extension of face-side extremities, flexion of occiput-side extremities
symmetrical tonic neck reflex
integration: pons position: supported quaruped position stimulation: extension of neck response: extension of UE and flexion of LE * opposite for flexion of neck
tonic labyrinthine reflex
integration: vestibular system? position: supine or prone stimulation: being in supine position or slight neck extension (or being in prone position or slight neck flexion) response: increased extensor tone (or flexor tone)
positive support
integration: vestibular system? position: vertical suspension stimulation: touch plantar surface of foot on firm surface response: increased flexor tone
neck on body righting reaction
integration: midbrain position: supine, head midline, extremities extended stimulation: turning head/body to one side response: log rolling in same direction as head
body on body righting reaction
integration: midbrain position: supine, head midline, extremities extended stimulation: turning head/body to one side response: segmental rolling
labyrinthine neck righting
integration: midbrain position: vertical suspension stimulation: lateral movements response: righting of head to vertical position
visual neck righting
integration: midbrain position: vertical suspension stimulation: lateral movements response: righting of head to vertical position
equilibrium reaction
integration: cortical position: any position stimulation: lateral/rotation movements response: brings back COG over base of support
protection reaction
integration: cortical position: any position stimulation: COG pushed out of base of support response: hand/foot placement to create new base of support
moro reflex
integration: semi-circular canals position: semi-sitting position stimulation: take away head support response: shoulder ABD, elbow extension, hand opening
landau reflex
integration: semi-circular canals? position: prone in space stimulation: raise head (actively or passively) response: total extension
parachute reflex
integration: semi-circular canals? position: prone in space stimulation: head towards ground response: elbow and wrist extension, finger extension, and ABD
how many stages in supine acquisition?
6
describe supine stage 1
- random movements (from hips and shoulders), no flexion control
describe supine stage 2
- asymmetric tonic neck reflex, visual tracking, neck extension increased
describe supine stage 3
- antigravity neck flexor control (capital flexion), hand flexion (against gravity)
describe supine stage 4
- VOR (dissociation head and eye movements), abs activate, hands to knees, flexed roll to side, ant. pelvic tilt (w post. tilt too), midline neck control
describe supine stage 5
-feet to mouth (obliques, abdominal, hip flexors, post. pelvis tilt) - roll to side lying then to prone
describe supine stage 6
- head raised off surface! - rolls directly to prone (initiated with neck flex or upper extremity) - begins to dissociate body segments - bridging! (hip extend, knee flex) - good pelvic control - lateral righting reaction begins
what is the order of the protective reactions?
1) forward 2) sideways 3) backwards
motor development pursues what 3 main goals?
1) upright posture 2) mobility 3) manipulation
what is the sequence of progression at each stage? direction? control?
1) extension 2) flexion 3) rotation direction: head to feet control: proximal to distal
describe prone 1
initiate antigravity neck extension, elbows behind shoulders
what movement is first, prone supine?
- prone to supine first! - bc extensors developed first
describe prone 2
- spine extension, lift head further, no midline control - start WB on forearms (elbows still behind shoulders) - accidental rolling to side (bc of head)
describe prone 3
- complete neck extension w control - can free upper trunk - elbows in line w shoulders, wb on forearms - frog position of legs
describe prone 4
- chest elevated (lumbar extension) - weight shifting - forearms when turning head
describe prone 5
- WB on hands, elbows in front of shoulders - swimming in prone! - weight shift to reach for toy
describe prone 6
- head dissociated from trunk - pivot by pushing with UE - begins to dissociate ab control
describe prone 7
- crawling on stomach (commando crawling) - 4 point balance - excellent control while reaching for toy
describe prone 8
- begins to move in 4 point position - kneeling without UE support
describe prone 9
- equilibrium reactions present - can climb over obstacles
describe sitting 1
- pull to sit=no reaction, head lag
describe sitting 2
- pull to sit = attempts at head lifting
describe sitting 3
- pull to sit = head more stable, but remains asymmetrical, UE participation - labyrinthine and optical righting emerging - supported sitting!! - sacral sitting - suppoerted sitting: head control present, upper trunk control
describe sitting 4
- pull to sit = good head control (midline, neck flexors), baby anticipates movement - still supported sitting: head midline!
describe sitting 5
- pull to sit: active abs and LE - supported sitting: propped on extended arms, flexed position, wide BOS, UE maintains position
describe sitting 6
- actively can pull to sit! - forward protection reaction - frees UE for object manipulation
describe sitting 7
- trunk rotations and weight shifting present
describe sitting 8
- lateral protective reaction - different LE positions (long sitting=most difficult) - reaches outside base of support for toys - pull to kneeling
describe sitting 9
- stability and mobility of pelvis and hips
describe sitting 10
- pivots, sitting from side-lying - backward protection reaction - fine motor movements developed
describe sitting 11
- very stable, equilibrium reactions present, squat position, sitting on small benches
describe standing 1
- supported standing - hips behind shoulders - WB medial surface of foot until hip extensors activate (then to lateral)
describe standing 2
- pulls to stand using UE
describe standing 3
- pull to stand using half-kneeling - BOS wide, hips flexed, head trunk pelvis aligned - moves along furniture - begins to step, but remains in flexion (supported at UE)
describe standing 4
- maintains w 1-hand support - squat w support - climb up stairs (not down)
describe standing 5
- walk with 1-hand support but pattern immature - creeping with objects of varying heights
describe standing 6
- can stand with no support - wide BOS - when supported can squat and raise on tiptoes - LE still flexed
describe gait at 12 months
- independent walking, wide BOS, high UE, poor hip extension/pelvic rotation
describe gait at 14-15 months
- improved hip control - arm swing and UE down - feet flat ( no plantar arch) - equilibrium rxns improved - stop and go without falling, walk backwards, carry object
describe walking at 18 months
- BOS = pelvis width - begins to extend hip and knee during stance - decreased hip abduction and external rotation during swing, begins to heel strike
describe walking at 2 years
- dissociated UE movements - harmonious walk w push-off - can step over low obstacles - running and stopping without falling present
describe walking at 3, 5, and 7 years
- 3 years: gait pattern mature, parameters not - 5 years: stable, harmonious gait - 7 years: adult parameters
describe the main changes affecting motor skills in aging
- note hip and trunk strategies used more than ankle
describe changes to locomotion in aging
