motor "output"

Question 1

autonomic nervous system

Answer 1

• CNS smooth+ cardiac muscle and glands

- 2 neurons to effector (preganglionic + postganglionic)

Question 2

what are the 2 divisions of ANS

Answer 2

1. sympathetic nervous system
   - function=prepares body for activity
   - fight of flight response
2. parasympathetic nervous system
   - function: rest + digest
   - housekeeping

Question 3

how do you stop chemical stimulation

Answer 3

the removal of nt:
I. ACh broken down by AChE on postsynaptic membrane
ii. NE broken down by MAO in synaptic end blub of neuron that released it

Question 4

high control of ANS

Answer 4

cerebrum
hypothalamus
medulla oblongata
ANS: SNS & PSNS

Question 5

hypothal.

Answer 5

doesn’t need cerebral input for its ANS functions but emotions can cause autonomic effect e.g. blushing, fainting

Question 6

what are the 3 types of movement in the SNS

Answer 6

1. reflexes
   a) spinal
   - least complex
   - require sensory input (muscle spindles)
   B) postural- balance
   - require sensory input from proprioceptors, eyes, inner ear
2. voluntary
   - most complex
   - no external stimuli required
3. rhythmic
   - walking, running
   -combination of reflex +voluntary

Question 7

levels of motor control

Answer 7

1. : planning
   - if wanting to move, what kind of movement and what muscles need to contract
   - signals primary motor cortex
   - works with input from cerebellum
2. • signals directly to lower motor neurons
   • fine, skilled movements
3. brain stem nuclei - descending motor tracts
   - receive input from cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum
4. spinal cord
   - cell bodies of lower motor neuron
   - networks of neurons which set rhythmic repeated movements

Question 8

cerebellum

Answer 8

• role in planning +initiating movement - sends input to cortical areas
• stores planned movement + compares actual to plan using sensory input
• maintains balance, controls eye movements & muscle tone

Question 9

basal nuclei

Answer 9

• aid in planning movement

- suppress unwanted motions

Question 10

corticospinal (direct) pathways

Answer 10

-cortex to skel. muscle

Question 11

what are the parts of corticospinal pathways

Answer 11

a. upper motor Neurons
- cell bodies In primary motor cortex
- axons down spinal cord
b. lower motor neurons
- cell bodies in ventral horn of sp. cord
- axons exit via spinal nerves

Question 12

clinical applications

Answer 12

destruction of upper motor neurons

Question 13

language

Answer 13

-areas in left cortex of most people

Question 14

important brain regions for language

Answer 14

1. cortex- for concepts
2. Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area, basal nuclei
3. areas of the visual and auditory cortex

Question 15

damage to Wernicke’s region

Answer 15

cant understand spoken or written words

Question 16

damage to Broca’s

Answer 16

understand words but difficult to speak or write sensibly