motor "output" Flashcards
autonomic nervous system
- CNS smooth+ cardiac muscle and glands
- 2 neurons to effector (preganglionic + postganglionic)
what are the 2 divisions of ANS
- sympathetic nervous system
- function=prepares body for activity
- fight of flight response - parasympathetic nervous system
- function: rest + digest
- housekeeping
how do you stop chemical stimulation
the removal of nt:
I. ACh broken down by AChE on postsynaptic membrane
ii. NE broken down by MAO in synaptic end blub of neuron that released it
high control of ANS
cerebrum
hypothalamus
medulla oblongata
ANS: SNS & PSNS
hypothal.
doesn’t need cerebral input for its ANS functions but emotions can cause autonomic effect e.g. blushing, fainting
what are the 3 types of movement in the SNS
- reflexes
a) spinal
- least complex
- require sensory input (muscle spindles)
B) postural- balance
- require sensory input from proprioceptors, eyes, inner ear - voluntary
- most complex
- no external stimuli required - rhythmic
- walking, running
-combination of reflex +voluntary
levels of motor control
- : planning
- if wanting to move, what kind of movement and what muscles need to contract
- signals primary motor cortex
- works with input from cerebellum - signals directly to lower motor neurons
- fine, skilled movements
- brain stem nuclei - descending motor tracts
- receive input from cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum - spinal cord
- cell bodies of lower motor neuron
- networks of neurons which set rhythmic repeated movements
cerebellum
- role in planning +initiating movement - sends input to cortical areas
- stores planned movement + compares actual to plan using sensory input
- maintains balance, controls eye movements & muscle tone
basal nuclei
- aid in planning movement
- suppress unwanted motions
corticospinal (direct) pathways
-cortex to skel. muscle
what are the parts of corticospinal pathways
a. upper motor Neurons
- cell bodies In primary motor cortex
- axons down spinal cord
b. lower motor neurons
- cell bodies in ventral horn of sp. cord
- axons exit via spinal nerves
clinical applications
destruction of upper motor neurons
language
-areas in left cortex of most people
important brain regions for language
- cortex- for concepts
- Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area, basal nuclei
- areas of the visual and auditory cortex
damage to Wernicke’s region
cant understand spoken or written words
damage to Broca’s
understand words but difficult to speak or write sensibly
