Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

E1 Nervous System + Pain > Motor Modulation: Basal Ganglia & Cerebrebellum > Flashcards

Motor Modulation: Basal Ganglia & Cerebrebellum Flashcards

1
Q

how does the basal ganglia and the cerebellum modulate motor movement?

A

Performing only ‘wanted’ movements, and no
‘unwanted’ movements
■ Motor ‘learning’ – improving movements with
practice
○ Coordinating timing between muscle groups to
produce fluid movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the basal ganglia is :

A

-a group of nuclei which initiate a collection of relevant movements for a given task
-inhibit competing movements for that task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a motor program?

A

simple movement sequences are stored in our brains
BG accesses these stored memories and activates one and inactivates the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

does the basal ganglia initiate movement?

A

no it acts more like a funnel or filter for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the funnel/filter feature of the BG??

A

○ Funnel – receive information from many cortical areas, process it and output it to a few select structures
○ Filter – only movements appropriate to the task at hand are ‘selected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

BG neurons fire _____ a movement happens

A

before (planning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

if you have a lesion of the BG what effect will the patient have?

A

disturbances in initiating movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

other than the BG what else fires during the planning phase of movement?

A

premotor cortex and supplementary motor area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

at rest BG neurons _____ _____ the thalamus

A

tonically inhibit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when movement is needed what happens?

A

the inhibition is transiently relieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BG acts on what?

A

thalamic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the direct BG pathway?

A

go signal
DISINHIBITS stimulating wanted movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the indirect pathway?

A

stop signal
REINFORCES the inhibition stopping unwanted movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

can the indirect and direct pathway ever work together?

A

yes often they work together to ensure intended movements are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the brain nuclei of the BG?

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what brain stem nuclei are involved with the BG?

A

substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the input nuclei?

A

caudate and putamen (aka striatum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the cuadate?

A

C shaped nucleus that curves into multiple cerebral lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the main input nucleus for motor movement?

A

putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the most lateral aspect of the bg?

A

putamen (adjacent to the lateral fissure and insula)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the main output for the BG?

A

globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The globus pallidus has two segments:

A

internal and external segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the internal segment of the GP do?

A

OUTPUTS motor info to direct and indirect pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the external segment do?

A

modulatory projections to the subthalamic nucleus – indirect pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the internal segment of the GP has high ___ activity, which has what effect?

A

high levels of tonic inhibitory activity acting to inhibit the thalamus in a resting state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is a modulatory nuclei?

A

only communicates with other nuclei in the BG
GP, Stn, SsN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

At rest for the direct pathway, the ability of the thalamus to excite the cortex
(and therefore initiate a motor program) is inhibited due to ________________

A

the tonic action of the GPi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

for the direct pathway For a motor program to be activated, activity of the ______ must be ______

A

GPi must be transiently inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the direct pathway ______

A

DISinhibits (allows)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

go over the flowcharts

A

direct/indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

At rest, striatal neurons are
________ and need to be __________

A

hyperpolarized, and need multiple excitatory inputs to reach firing threshold

32
Q

what causes Parkinson’s?

A

associated with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SN

neurodegeneration of neurons in the direct pathway causing loss of stimulation of the striatum LOSS OF GO SINGAL

33
Q

what is the cardinal signs of Parkinson’s?

A

TRAP
tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural change

34
Q

Cortical neurons excite the:

A

striatum

35
Q

Striatum inhibits ______________

A

Globus Pallidus internal segment

36
Q

Thalamus (now released from GPi inhibition) can _____ and _______

A

can fire and excite the motor cortex

37
Q

Which nuclei of the Basal Ganglia receive direct cortical input?
A. Globus pallidus internal and external segments
B. Caudate and putamen
C. Substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

A

B. Caudate and putamen

38
Q

Within the direct pathway, the globus pallidus internal segment provides ______ input to the ________
A. Excitatory; thalamus
B. Inhibitory; thalamus
C. Excitatory; striatum
D. Inhibitory; striatum

A

B. Inhibitory; thalamus

39
Q

Indirect pathway reinforces _____________________

A

inhibitory drive to the thalamus, repressing movement – especially targeted at unwanted movement (e.g. competing motor programs)

40
Q

One way to increase inhibitory drive to the thalamus is to provide ___________________

A

greater stimulus to the GPi, strengthening its signal

41
Q

the circuitry is set up such that
the _________________ is tonically inhibiting the STN

A

globus pallidus external segment (GPe)

42
Q

Neurons of the striatum can inhibit the ______ to release the STN and allow it to fire

A

GPe

43
Q

in the indirect path Cortical neurons excite the _________

A

striatum

44
Q

in the indirect path Striatum inhibits _______________ (which now cannot inhibit subthalamic nucleus)

A

Globus Pallidus external

45
Q

what cases huntingtins disease?

A

degeneration of neurons in the striatum resulting in unwanted movements like chorea and rigidity

46
Q

what mnemonic is used for huntingtins?

A

CAGE

47
Q

Indirect pathway can be
modulated by neurons of the
_______________, which provide
an inhibitory signal

A

substantia nigra

48
Q

Striatal neurons associated with direct pathway have _______ receptors that _________ in response to dopamine

A

D1 dopamine receptors, which depolarize a cell in response to
dopamine

49
Q

Striatal neurons associated with indirect pathway have __________ receptors that _______ in response to dopamine

A

D2 dopamine receptors, which hyperpolarize a cell in response to dopamine

50
Q

________ can both excite the direct
pathway and inhibit the indirect pathway

A

substantia nigra

51
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates timing between different muscle groups to produce fluid movement
-motor learning (improvement with practice)
-feedforward (calculating others trajectories to avoid hitting into people in a crowded path)

52
Q

what happens if cerebellum becomes damaged?

A

loss of coordination… ATAXIA (lack of coordination between antagonist and agonist muscles, abnormal movement/trajectory)

53
Q

what is the cerebellums role in movement?

A

modifies commands it gets from the cortices to make the movement more accurate

54
Q

when does motor learning and error prediction tweaks occur?

A

Planning phase of movement (makes it more efficient)

55
Q

when does error correction occur?

A

executing movement phase

56
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebellum?

A

anterior, posterior and flocculonodular

57
Q

where is cerebellar grey matter located?

A

–external surface folds called folia
–deep nuclei (dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial)

58
Q

what is found on the inferior and superior cerebellar peduncles?

A

incoming and outgoing fibers

59
Q

what is found in the middle cerebellar peduncles?

A

incoming fibers only

60
Q

what makes up the cerebellar blood supply?

A

-superior cerebellar artery
-anterior inferior cerebellar artery
-posterior inferior cerebellar artery

61
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei are _____ structures of the cerebellum

A

output

62
Q

what occurs at the spinocerebellum?

A

error correction (detects difference between motor plan and execution and reduces difference)

63
Q

where does the spinocerebellum receive projections?

A

proprioceptors (muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs)
inferior olive

64
Q

what does the paravermis and vermis control?

A

vermis: central body movement coordination
paravermis: distal muscles

65
Q

what effect can happen from midline cerebellar damage?

A

loos of coordination of proximal muscles, affecting balance, posture and gait (truck ataxia and wide unsteady gait)

66
Q

what happens with lateral damage to the cerebellum?

A

movement deficits in IPSILATERAL extremity
-loss of coordination- joints moving separately instead of smooth
-inaccuracy in range and direction of movement
-trouble with patterned movement

67
Q

what does the vestibulocerebellum do?

A

-corrections to stability and balance, both continuous and anticipatory
-contributes to vestibular ocular reflex and smooth pursuit of eyes

68
Q

where does the vestibulocerebellum receive projections?

A

vestibular nuclei and vestibular ganglia
-inferior olivary nucleus

69
Q

what is the output for the vestibulocerebellum?

A

vestibular nuclei
reticular formation
(bypasses DCN)

70
Q

what happens with floccular lobe syndrome?

A

truncal ataxia, nystagmus

71
Q

where does the cerebrocerebellum receive projections?

A

base of pons
inferior olivary nucleus

71
Q

what is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

motor learning, adapting motor programs to make future movements more accurate especially in distal extremities

72
Q

whee does the cerebrocerebellum output?

A

UMN of lateral movement path via VL of thalamus

73
Q

how does the cerebellum error correct?

A

deep cerebellar nuclei (excitatory)
purkinje fibers (modulatory inhibition)

74
Q

what are the layers of cell interaction in the cerebellar cortex?

A

incoming mossy fibers
granular cells
purkinji cells

75
Q

155

A

E1 Nervous System + Pain (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions