Intro to NS Flashcards
CNS needs _____ to function
glucose
Most of the energy used is to maintain:
Na/K ATPase pump
(K in, Na out)
what is a simple circuit?
one shot, in CNS its a spinal cord reflex
what are co-processors?
in CNS the brain stem controls basic functions like respiration and blood pressure
(cerebellum and basal ganglia are co-processors)
what does a central processor do?
organizes, coordinates, controls a levels to adjust actions appropriate to input
(ex cerebral cortex)
what is Prioritization?
allows for the separation of data for survival into the brain stem while more complex data can be processed by the cerebral
cortex
the brainstem contains:
midbrain, pons, and medulla
what does the medulla oblongata control
centers that coordinate swallowing, coughing, breathing, and blood pressure (e.g., baroreceptor reflex).
what does the Pons do?
works with the medulla for maintenance of
posture and regulation of breathing.
what does the Midbrain do?
participates in control of eye
movements. Also contains relay nuclei of the auditory and visual systems
what does the Cerebellum do?
functions in coordination of
movement, planning and executing movement,
maintenance of posture, and coordination of head
and eye movements.
- Helps to integrate sensory information from spinal
cord, motor information from cerebral cortex, and
information about balance from vestibular organs of
the inner ear
what does the Thalamus do?
processes almost all sensory
information going to the cerebral cortex and almost all motor information coming from the cerebral cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord
what does the hypothalamus do?
regulates body temperature, food intake, and water balance and endocrine function
what is the difference between primary and tertiary areas?
- Primary are the most direct and have the fewest synapses.
- Tertiary are the most complex and have the greatest number
of synapses
what are the deep nuclei of the brain?
basal ganglia hippocampus, amygdala
Basal ganglia consists of:
caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
The hippocampus and amygdala are part of the ________ system
limbic
what is required for the release of neurotransmitters to be released from the presynaptic terminal?
calcium
The axon of the neuron starts at the _____
axon hillock
Glial cells occupy over half of the brain’s volume and function
as support cells for neurons. Glial cells include ______, ________ and ______.
oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia cells
Glioblastomas are _____________
a form of astrocytoma, and are the most malignant forms of primary brain cancers.
Oligodendrocytes __________ in which NS?
synthesize myelin in the CNS.
Schwann cells synthesize ______ in which NS?
myelin in the PNS.
Microglial cells proliferate following _____________________
neuronal injury and serve as scavengers to remove cellular debris (i.e., microglial cells are a type of macrophage)
what is the lactate shuttle hypothesis?
lactate shuttle hypothesis allows lactate to form pyruvate which can go through the citric acid cycle to make ATP
How does the CNS get ATP?
lactate and glucose
Lactate is transported into neurons through the _____________
monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs).
what is important about receptors and function?
without receptors there can not be function of the neurotransmitter or process, this is what drug users need more drugs with time because they are decreasing in the amount of receptors they have
what is feedforward excitation?
exists between type Ia and the alpha motor neuron
what is feedforward inhibition?
type Ib fiber onto inhibitory interneuron that influences excitation of alpha motor neuron
