Motor Learning/ Exercise Adherence

Question 1

Motor task: a task with a clear beginning and end.

Answer 1

Discrete

Question 2

Motor task: A series of discrete movements that are combined in a particular sequence

Answer 2

Serial

Question 3

Motor task: repetitive, uninterrupted movement that have no distinct beginning and end

Answer 3

Continuous

Question 4

Changes are made to the task or environment between repetitions (or trials) to assist with improved learning and increased difficulty of the training

Answer 4

Variability

Question 5

A(n) [open/closed] environment includes little variability in the environment or task while a(n) [open/closed] environment includes a variable task or variable conditions

Answer 5

Closed; open

Question 6

Little to no movement of the individual is required for completion of the task.

Answer 6

Stable

Question 7

Movement is a basic requirement of the task.

Answer 7

Mobile

Question 8

Tasks are more difficult if completed while the upper extremities are involved in _____________.

Answer 8

Object manipulation

Question 9

Stage of learning that requires conscious thought and attention to task; Should be performed in a closed environment with little variability; High rates of error in this stage of learning; Requires feedback regarding performance

Answer 9

Cognitive

Question 10

What are the stages of motor learning?

Answer 10

1. Cognitive
2. Associative
3. Autonomous

Question 11

Stage of learning that is characterized by fewer errors; Active problem-solving to decrease variability and increase consistency of performance; Require less feedback related to performance

Answer 11

Associative

Question 12

Stage of learning where the completion of the task is automatic; Individuals can dual-task while completing the task; Infrequent feedback needed

Answer 12

Autonomous

- level of attention needed for a task is lowest

Question 13

What are some pre-practice considerations?

Answer 13

1. Increase patient adherence by educating on the purpose of the exercise or motor task.
2. Make it meaningful!
3. Consider the attentional demands and stage of motor learning
4. Demonstrate
5. Concise verbal instruction before practicing the task

Question 14

Type of practice: Practicing a portion of the motor task; Most effective during the cognitive stage of learning: i.e., Anterior weight shift during sit to stand

Answer 14

Part

Question 15

Type of practice: Practicing the entire motor task; More effective when learning a continuous skill, such as walking or stairs

Answer 15

Whole

Question 16

Type of practice: Rapidly improves performance through repetition of a motor task; Improved generalizability and skill retention

Answer 16

Blocked

Question 17

Type of practice: Requires more cognitive processes, additional challenge for the patient; Improved retention of a task after patient has progressed past the cognitive stage of learning; i.e., obstacle course

Answer 17

Random

Question 18

Type of practice: Practice of a motor task

Answer 18

Physical

Question 19

Type of practice: Imagining performance of a motor task

Answer 19

Mental

Question 20

Source of this type of feedback are any sensory systems of the learner; Inherent to the movement itself; Provides information related to movement quality; Continuous in nature

Answer 20

Intrinsic feedback

Question 21

Also known as Augmented Feedback; Supplemental to intrinsic feedback; Particularly important in those patients who have sensory impairments

Answer 21

Extrinsic feedback

Question 22

What are the types of extrinsic feedback?

Answer 22

1. Verbal
2. Tactile (haptic)
3. Visual
4. Auditory
5. Videotape

Question 23

Maybe intrinsic or extrinsic

Relates to information about the quality of performance

Answer 23

Knowledge of performance

Question 24

Recent evidence suggests this form a feedback may be more effective for motor learning than knowledge of performance; Extrinsic feedback related to the outcome of a motor task

Answer 24

Knowledge of results

Question 25

Feed back schedule/frequency that happens while the action is going on

Answer 25

Concurrent

Question 26

Feedback schedule/frequency: Extrinsic feedback given to the patient after a number of trials; Promotes retention and generalizability; Associated with slower skill acquisition– may want to utilize in the associative stage of motor learning.

Answer 26

Summary

Question 27

Concurrent feedback: setting a threshold where feedback is provided

Answer 27

bandwidth

Question 28

A form of summary feedback provided immediately following performance of a motor task; Best to utilize during cognitive stage of learning; May cause patient to be dependent upon the therapist for knowledge of performance or knowledge of results

Answer 28

Immediate, Post-response

Question 29

A form of summary feed back that allows the patient to utilize intrinsic feedback first to assess performance of the task; Preferred in the associative and autonomous phases; Utilized to promote independence

Answer 29

Delayed, post-response

Question 30

Improves skill acquisitions (performance) more quickly during cognitive stage of learning than variable feedback

Answer 30

Continuous or constant feedback

Question 31

Type of concurrent feedback that promotes retention

Answer 31

Variable or intermittent

Question 32

What should you take into consideration when providing feedback

Answer 32

1. Facilitating dependence 2. Attention to task (distraction/interruption) 3. Utilize fading

Question 33

A complex set of internal processes that involves the acquisition of relatively permanent retention of a skilled movement or task through practice

Answer 33

Motor learning

Question 34

True or False: Fading is an import feature of effective f/b for motor learning

Answer 34

T

Question 35

What type of motor task is brushing teeth?

Answer 35

serial | - can be broken down into smaller tasks

Question 36

What stage are you in if you’re learning what and how to do a motor task?

Answer 36

Cognitive

Question 37

Awareness of position in space(proprioception) is an example of what type of feedback?

Answer 37

Intrinsic feedback | - coming from pt themselves

Question 38

True or False: Summary feedback is more effective than immediate, postresponse feedback in the associative, or autonomous, motor learning

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Refinement of a motor skill happens in the _____ phase of motor learning

Answer 39

Associative

Question 40

What type of task is a sit to stand transfer?

Answer 40

discrete

Question 41

What does "AIDES" stand for? what does it mean?

Answer 41

Assessment – assess all medication Individual – individualize the regimen Documentation – provide written documentation Education – provide accurate and continuing education tailored to the needs of the individual Supervision – provide continue supervision of the regimen

Question 42

What are examples of barriers to adherence?

Answer 42

1. Complexity 2. Lack of understanding 3. Time 4. Patient perception of barrier (lifestyle change) 5. Patient perception of therapy 6. Poor communication and or instruction 7. Lifetime habit

Question 43

What improves exercise adherence?

Answer 43

1. Patient preference (swimming vs. biking) 2. Supervision: more is better (HEP, Individual, group) 3. Educate patients on self-management of their condition 4. Behavior change strategies were effective - mode of exercise does not affect exercise adherence

Question 44

the acting in accordance with, or the yielding to a desire, request, condition, direction, etc; a consenting to act in conformity with; an acceding to; practical assent

Answer 44

Compliance | - lamens: acting in accordance with advice [from the practitioner]

Question 45

the fact of agreeing or being concordant; agreement, harmony

Answer 45

Concordance | - lamens: prescriber and pt. should come to an agreement about the regimen

Question 46

persistence in a practice or tenet; steady observance or maintenance

Answer 46

Adherence | - preferred term, suggests more of a partnership btwn pt. & PT