Motor Learning 3

Question 1

What is overlearning?

Answer 1

The continuation of practice beyond the needed amount to reach a performance criterion

Question 2

What is ‘massed practice’?

Answer 2

When the amount of rest between trials/sessions is short

Question 3

What is ‘distributed practice’?

Answer 3

when the amount of rest between trials/sessions is long

Question 4

What is ‘complexity’ of a skill?

Answer 4

Number of parts or components and/or degree of information processing and attention demands in a skill

Question 5

What is skill ‘Organisation’?

Answer 5

Relationship between components of the skill (dependency)

Question 6

What is skill fractionation?

Answer 6

Practicing one part at a time, before putting it all together

Question 7

What is skill segmentation?

Answer 7

Starting with one part, and adding parts in until all of them are together

Question 8

When would skill fractionation be useful?

Answer 8

When a skill is complex with many steps, all of which are discrete from the other steps of the skill, and do not rely on the previous step to perform it e.g. a gymnastics routine

Question 9

When would skill segmentation be more useful?

Answer 9

When the steps of the skill work fit together and you cannot separate them discretely, like juggling.

Question 10

What are some examples of skill simplification?

Answer 10

• Reducing object difficulty
• reducing attention demands
• reducing speed
• Adding cues
• sequencing
• simulation

Question 11

What are the two types of feedback?

Answer 11

Task Intrinsic

Augmented

Question 12

What are the elements of Task intrinsic feedback?

Answer 12

Audio
Visual
Proprioception
Tactile

Question 13

What are the elements of Augmented feedback?

Answer 13

Knowledge of Results, and Knowledge of Performance

Question 14

What is augmented feedback?

Answer 14

Feedback that your sensory system cannot provide

Question 15

What is Knowledge of Results as augmented feedback?

Answer 15

Externally presented information about the outcome performance, e.g. error, score, yes or no.

Question 16

What is knowledge of performance as augmented feedback?

Answer 16

Externally presented info about the movement characteristics that determined the performance outcome, e.g. timing, joint angle pattern, overall technique told by a coach

Question 17

What is the potential issue of providing visual or audio simulated feedback?

Answer 17

It wont be present in the real context. Low practice specificity. Attentional demand takes away from focus on the activity itself, focusing too much on the cues

Question 18

What are the two roles of augmented feedback?

Answer 18

To facilitate and motivate

Question 19

Is augmented feedback always beneficial? Always needed?

Answer 19

Depends on skill and person.

• Essential if sensory feedback not available, or a lack of self evaluating ability.
• Maybe if involving multilimb coordintion or moving fast.
• Maybe not if observation of other performers practice is available or learners become dependent on feedback info.

Question 20

What are the different ways feedback can be structured?

Answer 20

• Focus on error vs reference
• Focus on KR or KP
• Qualitative or Quantitative

Question 21

KR feedback is useful when:

Answer 21

• To confirm own assessment (intrinsic feedback)
• When outcome cannot be determined
• To motivate
• To foster discovery-learning practice
• To focus on effects

Question 22

KP feedback is useful when:

Answer 22

• When movements need to follow specific patterns
• When skills require complex coordination
• To induce specific kinetic/kinematic/muscle activation profiles
• KR is redundant

Question 23

What are the different types of KP feedback?

Answer 23

• Verbal
• Video
• Movement kinematics/kinetics

Question 24

Is EMG, HR and other physiological process info KP or KR feedback?

Answer 24

KP