Motor Learning 3 Flashcards
What is overlearning?
The continuation of practice beyond the needed amount to reach a performance criterion
What is ‘massed practice’?
When the amount of rest between trials/sessions is short
What is ‘distributed practice’?
when the amount of rest between trials/sessions is long
What is ‘complexity’ of a skill?
Number of parts or components and/or degree of information processing and attention demands in a skill
What is skill ‘Organisation’?
Relationship between components of the skill (dependency)
What is skill fractionation?
Practicing one part at a time, before putting it all together
What is skill segmentation?
Starting with one part, and adding parts in until all of them are together
When would skill fractionation be useful?
When a skill is complex with many steps, all of which are discrete from the other steps of the skill, and do not rely on the previous step to perform it e.g. a gymnastics routine
When would skill segmentation be more useful?
When the steps of the skill work fit together and you cannot separate them discretely, like juggling.
What are some examples of skill simplification?
- Reducing object difficulty
- reducing attention demands
- reducing speed
- Adding cues
- sequencing
- simulation
What are the two types of feedback?
Task Intrinsic
Augmented
What are the elements of Task intrinsic feedback?
Audio
Visual
Proprioception
Tactile
What are the elements of Augmented feedback?
Knowledge of Results, and Knowledge of Performance
What is augmented feedback?
Feedback that your sensory system cannot provide
What is Knowledge of Results as augmented feedback?
Externally presented information about the outcome performance, e.g. error, score, yes or no.
What is knowledge of performance as augmented feedback?
Externally presented info about the movement characteristics that determined the performance outcome, e.g. timing, joint angle pattern, overall technique told by a coach
What is the potential issue of providing visual or audio simulated feedback?
It wont be present in the real context. Low practice specificity. Attentional demand takes away from focus on the activity itself, focusing too much on the cues
What are the two roles of augmented feedback?
To facilitate and motivate
Is augmented feedback always beneficial? Always needed?
Depends on skill and person.
- Essential if sensory feedback not available, or a lack of self evaluating ability.
- Maybe if involving multilimb coordintion or moving fast.
- Maybe not if observation of other performers practice is available or learners become dependent on feedback info.
What are the different ways feedback can be structured?
- Focus on error vs reference
- Focus on KR or KP
- Qualitative or Quantitative
KR feedback is useful when:
- To confirm own assessment (intrinsic feedback)
- When outcome cannot be determined
- To motivate
- To foster discovery-learning practice
- To focus on effects
KP feedback is useful when:
- When movements need to follow specific patterns
- When skills require complex coordination
- To induce specific kinetic/kinematic/muscle activation profiles
- KR is redundant
What are the different types of KP feedback?
- Verbal
- Video
- Movement kinematics/kinetics
Is EMG, HR and other physiological process info KP or KR feedback?
KP
