Motor Learning 1 Flashcards
What is a motor skill? (Biomechanical definition)
- A motor activity with a specific goal.
- Is objective
- Is voluntary
- Needs to be learnt through practice
What is the difference between a motor action and skill?
Same thing
What is ‘skill’? (general definition)
A degree of mastery in performing a task
What are the three main criteria for assessing motor skill?
- Consistent achievement of goal
- Success under different conditions
- Efficiency
What is the 1D Classification of a ‘Skill’? Give examples
With respect to the opposite ends of a characteristic feature, e.g.
- gross vs fine
- continuous vs discrete
- open vs closed
What is the difference between a gross and fine motor skill?
Gross involves larger muscles and is less sensitive and accurate. Fine is small muscles and very precise
What is the difference between a continuous and discrete motor skill?
Continuous: Cyclical, no clear beginning or end
Discrete: Single defined action with beginning and end
What is the difference between an open and closed motor skill?
Open: changing, unpredictable environment
Closed: unchanging, predictable environment
What is the most common 2D classification of skill?
Gentile’s Taxonomy
What is the Y and X axis of Gentile’s Taxonomy?
X axis: ‘Action Function’
Y Axis: ‘Environmental Context
What are the subdivisions within the ‘Environmental context’ of Gentile’s Taxonomy?
In motion vs stationary conditions, each with or without inter-trial variability
What are the subdivisions within the ‘Action function’ of Gentile’s taxonomy?
Body stability, and Body Transport, each with or without object manipulation
What is the environmental context of stationary conditions with no intertrial variability in Gentile’s Taxonomy?
Environment is not moving or changing, and stays the same every trial
What is the environmental context of stationary conditions with intertrial variability in Gentile’s Taxonomy? give example
Environment is not moving or changing WITHIN the trial, but will change between every trial. e.g. dart board stationary but changing position relative to you after every throw
What is the environmental context of in-motion conditions with no intertrial variability in Gentile’s Taxonomy? Give example
Environment is moving and changing in the same way every trial e.g. dartboard is moving left to right at a constant speed
What is the environmental context of in-motion conditions with intertrial variability in Gentile’s Taxonomy?
Environment is moving and changing in different ways each trial e.g. dartboard is moving but speed increases or decreases every throw
What is the action function of Body stability with no object in Gentile’s Taxonomy?
You are staying in one spot, and no object is being manipulated (are you serious man)
What is the action function of body stability with no object in Gentile’s Taxonomy? give example
staying in one spot, but manipulating an object, e.g. juggling
what is the action function of body transport with no object manipulation in Gentile’s Taxonomy? Give examples
The body is in motion but is not manipulating an object. E.g. running
What is the action function of body transort with object manipulation in Gentile’s Taxonomy? give examples
Body is in motion while manipulating an objectm, e.g. running and dribbling a basket ball
How could you use the 1D skill classification to improve baseball batting?
Moving from closed to more open setting: e.g.
- Ball at fixed height tee
- Ball at different height tee
- Ball from pitching machine
- Ball from real game conditions
How could you use the 2D skill classification to improve baseball batting?
Baseball batting is always body stability with object manipulation, so you can progressively move through environmental context from stationary to in motion, and from without inter trial variability to with.
How could you measure the motor performance of the following motor skills?
- Long jump
- Golf putt
- Pistol shooting
- ACL Rehab Running
- Long jump: distance, GRF
- Golf Putt: accuracy, club movement, body posture
- Pistol shooting: accuracy, EMG activation, head position/movement
- Rehab running: pain level, speed, distance, knee moments, coordination
What is the difference between performance outcome vs performance production?
Outcome: what you achieved
Production: how you achieved it
What is ‘error’?
Deviation from the desired goal
What are the two components of error?
Accuracy (spatial, temporal or both)
Consistency
What is absolute error? Definition and formula
Magnitude of error across all repetitions. Average of the sum of all absolute values of error
What is constant error? Definition and formula
Direction of error. Square root of the average of all real values of error
What is the variable error? Definition and formula
Performance consistency. Square root of the average of the squared difference between the result of the attempt and the average result.
Define motor learning and give a reference
A change in the capability of a person to perform a skill that must be inferred from a relatively permanent improvement in performance as a result of practice or experience (Magill and Anderson 2014)
Differentiate between Motor Performance (P) and Motor Learning (L)
P: Observable, L: Inferred
P: Temporary, L: Permanent-ish
P: May not be due to practice, L: Due to practice
P: May be influenced by performance variables, L: Not influenced by performance variables.
What are the 6 fundamental performance characteristics of skill learning?
- Improvement
- Consistency
- Stability (reduced impact of internal and external perturbations
- Persistence (long lasting improvement)
- Adaptability (can be done in different scenarios)
- Reduction of attention demand
What are the 4 typical trends of learning curves for performance and error?
- Linear
- Negatively Accelerated
- Positively accelerated
- S-shaped
Error would point down. Performance would point up.
What is a retention test?
Observing performance after a period of time to determine the degree of persistence
What is a transfer test?
Observing performance after under novel situations (to induce adaptation)
What is a dual task test?
Observing changes in attention demands, when performing two tasks at once
What is the Fitt and Posner 3 stage model of learning?
- Cognitive stage
- Associative stage
- Autonomous stage
What is the cognitive stage of Fitt and Posner’s motor learning model???? pls respond
Focusing on what to do, how to do it, and absorbing external feedback from instructor. Focus on cognitive objectives
What is the associative stage of Fitt and Posner’s motor learning model?
- You have ok basic mechanics
- You are improving success and consistency
- You can recognise your own errors
What is the autonomous stage of Fitt and Posner’s motor learning model?
Automaticity in both execution and error correction, No need to think. Able to multitask.
What changes apart from performance in motor learning?
- Neuromuscular activation
- Energy Cost
- Error Correction
- Visual selective attention
- Conscious attion demand
- Brain activity
