Motor Learning Flashcards
What is motor learning
The process of acquiring the capability for producing skilled actions
Learning occurs as a direct consequence of practice, learning cannot be observed. Relatively permanent.
What is learning
Solving the degrees of freedom problem - how can the individual independent parts of the system be used to produce a whole controlled movement
Organise them
Creating motor programmes- consistency of patterns
Acquisition of sequencing - where many small motor programmes become one
What are bernsteins stages of motor learning
Freeze degrees of freedom
Releasing and reorganising
Exploiting mechanical properties
What is “exploiting mechanical properties”
Being able to add the bits you know e.g small movements at the optimum time and level
What are Fitts and posners stages of motor learning
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
What are newells stages of motor learning
Coordination
Control
Skill
What are the features of cognitive
High level mental activity, verbal self talk, instruction
Attention demanding, have to talk through it
Rapid and gross change
Frequent and large errors
What are the features of a learner in the coordination stage
DOF frozen
Free variables constrained into a coordinated function
Add smaller pieces together
What are the features of a learner in the associative stage
Movement refinement
Less verbal
Error detection
Less variable patterns
Fewer and less gross errors
Discover a pattern that works then refine it
What are the features of a learner in the control stage
DOF releases
Coordination is parameter used
Action system linked to environment, adjust parameters to fit environment
What are the features of a learner in the autonomous stage
Little attention, no longer have to think about every pattern of movement, automatic
Error detection and correction
Few errors
Attention redirected
What are the features of a learner in the skill stage
Optimal values assigned to controlled variables
(Able to select optimal parameters to produce that variation)
Passive and reactive forces, can make adjustments if needed
What are the two theories did motor learning
Closed loop theory - Adam’s
Schema theory- Schmidt
What is closed loop theory of motor learning
As you produce a movement, produce sensory consequences, stored as some form of trace
- Memory trace
- select and initiate desired response
- modest motor program, push in right direction - Perceptual trace
- takes over control from the memory trace
- reference of correctness
- evaluate movement on basis of ongoing feedback (however, if practice incorrect takes away from perceptual trace)
What is perceptual trace based on
Knowledge of results
If you know what’s right and get closer to it, strengthen perceptual trace (reinforcement)
Evaluate closed loop theory of motor learning
Deafferentation in animals (cat)
Fails to recognise open loop, fast actions
Practice variability improves learning, conflicts perceptual trace based
Storage issues, perceptual traces for every movement?
How does closed loop theory of motor learning tie to GMPs
“A motor program whose expression can be varies depending on the choice of certain parameters”
- overall duration
- force
- muscle selection
Outline schema theory
4 types of info briefly stored after a movement is made
- Initial conditions - body position/ object weight
- GMP parameters
- Movement outcome in relation to KR
- Sensory consequences
The performer creates a relationship from these = schema
How do schemas contribute to motor learning
Generate a schema - use this info to produce info about how to do a new skill
The more varied practice therefore, the better this will be as we have more RECALL SCHEMA - of initial condition = movement production
What is a recognition schema
Relationship between movement outcome and sensory concentration
Compare and evaluate
Evaluate schema theory
Can cope with results if Deafferentation studies
Recognise open loop processes
Agrees with literature that practice variability improves learning
Helps explain novel movements, can predict outside of novel movements
Storage problem, how get GMP in first place
