Motor learning

Question 1

What are the 2 types of motor learning?

Answer 1

Implicit (aka nondeclarative) (not much thought, can do easily)
and
Explicit (aka declarative) (takes thought and focus to complete)

Question 2

What are the 3 types of implicit learning?

Answer 2

associative learning, nonassociative learning, and procedural tasks

Question 3

What is non associative learning? What are the 2 types of it ?

Answer 3

Non associative learning is using reflex pathways to complete a task.
1. Habituation is the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure
2. sensitization is the increased responsiveness following a noxious stimulus.

Question 4

What is associative learning and its 2 types?

Answer 4

associative learning uses past memories and experiences to predict relationships in future actions.
1. Classic conditioning is pairing stimulus to conditioned response, ex= pavlov’s salivating dogs
2. Operant conditioning is when rewarded behaviors are repeated and those with negative consequences are not repeated.

Question 5

Your explicit memory is comprised of what type of memories?

Answer 5

factual knowledge and events that are consciously recalled

Question 6

Is the following implicit or explicit memory?

The therapist instructs Mrs. G to scoot to the edge of her chair, align her feet underneath her, and lean forward. Mrs. G is successfully able to complete this and verbalize the steps when she does it.

Answer 6

This is explicit memory bc it uses voluntary movements that require thinking to do

Question 7

Is the following implicit or explicit memory?

The PT has Mrs. G perform motor imagery thru mirror therapy with her L UE, in hopes of promoting improved function in her R UE.

Answer 7

explicit because you are attempting to move your R UE

Question 8

What structure in the brain is responsible to implicit procedural learning?

Answer 8

THE basal ganglia

develops slowly through repetitive movements

Question 9

What brain anatomical area is responsible for the storing of explicit/declarative learning??

Answer 9

Medial temporal lobe

Question 10

Case application, label the following scenario as either
a. procedural learning,
b. non-associative learning,
c. associative classical conditioning,
d. association operant conditioning

repeatedly expose mrs g to leaning forward prior to a transfer even tho she be scared…

Answer 10

b. non-associative learning,

bc she is being HABITUALLY exposed to the stimulus of leaning forward so that her fear of the task decreases

Question 11

Case application, label the following scenario as either
a. procedural learning,
b. non-associative learning,
c. associative classical conditioning,
d. association operant conditioning

PT tels mrs G to take bg steps whhile also facilitating knee adn hip flexion with a physical cue @ the popliteal fossa. following a week of practice, the PT no longer provides the same stimulus and cues as Mrs. G performs well just off verbal cues.

Answer 11

c. associative classical conditioning,

bc mrs G is pairing the verbal and tactile cues/ stimuli to the response of Hip and knee flexion. Over time she will perfom the Hip n knee flexion just off the verbal cue alone.

Question 12

Case application, label the following scenario as either
a. procedural learning,
b. non-associative learning,
c. associative classical conditioning,
d. association operant conditioning

the PT tells mrs G great job leaning forward in that transfer. Mrs G repeats the pattern again.

Answer 12

d. association operant conditioning

bc Mrs. G is repeating the action that is being rewarded with praise.

Question 13

Case application, label the following scenario as either
a. procedural learning,
b. non-associative learning,
c. associative classical conditioning,
d. association operant conditioning

Mrs G. has been walking with therapy inside and outside the clinic including navigating therapist-designed obstacle courses. 6 months post-stroke, she attended her nephew’s graduation and successfully walked thru the auditorium.

Answer 13

a. procedural learning,

bc mrs g has done many repetitions of the task and is familiar with it

Question 14

Motor learning as a continuum (slide 14)

Which type of feedback is better for explicit forms of mtr learning…
extrinsic or intrinsic feedback?

Answer 14

more instruction with extrinsic feedback bc it can aid the pt in completing desired task adequately.

Question 15

T or F…
motor learning and performance are the same thing?

Answer 15

FALSE,
you can perform a task you haven’t yet fully learned. learning requires that the skill can be performed consistently after a period of time

Question 16

What is mtr performance and retention?

Answer 16

performance results from practice and experience with a short-lasting change.
retention is being able to demonstrate a behavior after a period of time not practicing it. aka learned skill

Question 17

What are the 3 theories of learning covered in this lec?

Answer 17

Schmidt’s Schema Theory +
Fitts and posners three stage model +
ecological theory.

Question 18

What is the following defining…

abstract representation stored in memory following multiple exposures

Answer 18

this is the def of a schema

Question 19

Are schemas more short term or long-term memory-oriented?

Answer 19

short term storage

Question 20

How is the recall schema diff from the recognition schema?

Answer 20

Recall schema stores basic info on movement patterns in short term memory while the recognition schema analyzes this basic movement info to see if it is effective at completing what you wanted to do

Question 21

what are some limitations of schema theory?

Answer 21

• doesn’t explain how schemas interact wit other systems
• doesn’t explain how the motor program is initially created

Question 22

does variability strengthen or weaken schemas?

Answer 22

variability strengthens schemas as they become applicable to different conditions. this is more evident in children then adults.

Question 23

explain the Ecological theory

Answer 23

it considers the relationship between the task, individual, and environment and how they facilitate or act as a barrier
repeated practice under varying conditions is important

example-
mrs g wan pick up glass wit bev, she takes into consideration how slippery the glass is, how full it is, how far it is from her, is anyone else tryna reach for her bev??
all is in consideration

Question 24

What are the 3 stages of motor learning in Fitt n Posner’s model?

Answer 24

1. cognitive
2. associative
3. autonomous

Question 25

Explain the cognitive stage of motor learning in Fitt n Posner’s model?

Answer 25

aka “what to do” stage
pt is a newbie to skill they tryna learn. so… theres a lot of trial and error and variety in the strategies used. The performance will be high variable and inconsistent

Question 26

what stage of Fitt n Posner’s is being described below??

aka “how to do” stage
ready to start refining the initial motor program and adapts skill to varying environments

Answer 26

Associative stage of fitt n posner model

Question 27

WhichstageoflearningintheFittsandPosner’stheoryisbest represented by the clinical example of reaching for a glass of water?
A. Cognitive
B. Associative
C. Autonomous

Mrs g requires a lot of attention to reach for the glass. She is making a lot of errors while experimenting with different movement strategies to accomplish the task

Answer 27

A. Cognitive
bc she needs a lot of attention to initiate the task at hand and is messing up od.

Question 28

Which stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner’s theory is best represented by the clinical example of reaching for a glass of water?
A. Cognitive
B. Associative
C. Autonomous

Mrs. g is reaching for the glass and requires less attention. She is developing a more optimal movement strategy

Answer 28

B. associative
bc she be doin the task better than before

Question 29

Which stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner’s theory is best represented by the clinical example of reaching for a glass of water?
A. Cognitive
B. Associative
C. Autonomous

Mrs.G is able to reach for the glass while carrying on a conversation with the therapist. She does not spill any water.

Answer 29

C. Autonomous
bc she be doin the most

Question 30

Describe the 2 stages of Gentiles 2 stage model of mtr learning?

Answer 30

1st stage- develop an understanding of task dynamics
2nd stage - (closed/open skill) refine movement pattern

Question 31

Whats the difference between open and closed skills for gentiles 2nd stage?

Answer 31

closed skills (aka fixation) are performed consistently and efficiently
Open skills (aka diversification) are all bout adapting to changing demands in the environment

Question 32

What is massed practice?

Answer 32

when active practice time&raquo_space;inactive rest time
(think of your gym workouts in morn)

Question 33

What is the practice condition where time spent practicing = time spent resting?

Answer 33

distributed practice

Question 34

T or F…

Blocked practice is when you perform many tasks repeatedly

Answer 34

FALSE,
blocked practice is when you perform ONE task repeatedly

Question 35

what is the practice condition that performs tasks in random sequences?

Answer 35

random practice! duhhhh

Question 36

what practice conditions are best for the early learner??

Answer 36

block practice
closed environment
guided

Question 38

Which of the following practice conditions is best represented by the case example of Mrs. Genise?
a) Blocked Vs Random Practice
b) Massed vs. distributed Practice
c) Guided Vs Discovery Practice
d) Constant Vs Variable Practice
e) Whole Vs Part Task Practice

The PT has Mrs.G perform 5 STS transfers repeatedly. Then she completes this again, and again.

Answer 38

a) Blocked Vs Random Practice

specifically BLOCKED due to repetitions

Question 39

Which of the following practice conditions is best represented by the case example of Mrs. Genise?
a) Blocked Vs Random Practice
b) Massed Vs Distributed Practice
c) Guided Vs Discovery Practice
d) Constant Vs Variable Practice
e) Whole Vs Part Task Practice

The PT has Mrs G. performing bed mobility but focuses on the task of rolling only

Answer 39

e) Whole Vs Part Task Practice

specifically PART bc she is focusing heavily on one aspect of the task of bed mobility.

Question 40

Which of the following practice conditions is best represented by the case example of Mrs. Genise?
a) Blocked Vs Random Practice
b) Massed Vs Distributed Practice
c) Guided Vs Discovery Practice
d) Constant Vs Variable Practice
e) Whole Vs Part Task Practice

The PT has Mrs.G navigate over an obstacle course which includes a foam pad, side stepping through cones, and stepping onto a 6inch block

Answer 40

d) Constant Vs Variable Practice

specifically VARIABLE bc she be maneuvering around various obstacles.

Question 41

Which of the following practice conditions is best represented by the case example of Mrs. Genise?
a) Blocked Vs Random Practice
b) Massed Vs Distributed Practice
c) Guided Vs Discovery Practice
d) Constant Vs Variable Practice
e) Whole Vs Part Task Practice

The PT allows Mrs.G to rest for 5 minutes after performing STS transfer training for 5 minutes

Answer 41

b) Massed Vs Distributed Practice

specifically DISTRIBUTED practice bs breaks=active time

Question 42

Which of the following practice conditions is best represented by the case example of Mrs. Genise?
a) Blocked Vs Random Practice
b) Massed Vs Distributed Practice
c) Guided Vs Discovery Practice
d) Constant Vs Variable Practice
e) Whole Vs Part Task Practice

The PT assists MRsG. in ambulating by lifting her R LE during swing phase

Answer 42

c) Guided Vs Discovery Practice

Specifically, GUIDED practice bc the PT is physically showing her how to complete the task

Question 43

What are the 2 types of feedback?

Answer 43

extrinsic and intrinsic

Question 44

Mrs.G is 6 months post her stroke, living at home with her husband and son. She is hoping to return to work next fall and continuing outpatient PT. Which of the following feedback strategies is most beneficial for Mrs. G at this time in her recovery?
a) Continuous and Immediate Feedback
b) Terminal feedback of Knowledge of Performance
following each gait trial
c) Knowledge of Results that is Summed after a
complex task
d) Faded and Bandwidth Feedback

Answer 44

d) Faded and Bandwidth Feedback

Question 45

Mrs.G is reflecting back on her first week of therapy at the inpatient rehab facility. In an effort to promote optimal motor learning at this point in her recovery, the therapist should include which of the following training strategies?
a) Self Controlled feedback in massed practice
b) Distributed practice with physical guidance as
needed
c) Use variable practice in an open environment
d) Emphasize closed skills with avoidance of mental
practice

Answer 45

b) Distributed practice with physical guidance as
needed

bc she is in her first week of rehab she will need a lot more practice time, feedback, and guidance to learn the skill at hand

Question 46

In children which practice condition is more effective…
blocked vs random practice?

Answer 46

BLOCKED

bc repitition is key for the kiddos

Question 47

In children which feedback style is more effective…
KR vs KP

Answer 47

it is knowledge of performance (KP)

bc KR is too specific for children to learn from, they need descriptors and more info than KR has to offer to learn a new skill

Question 48

In older adults which practice condition is most effective…
blocked vs random

Answer 48

random is more effective

bc older adults already know the task/skill but need help recalling it. they learn better at slower speeds with greater rest times.

Question 49

In older adults which extrinsic feedback style is most effective…
KR vs KP

Answer 49

KR!!

bc they know how the task should be, they just want to know if they did it right or wrong.