Motor learning Flashcards
What are the 2 types of motor learning?
Implicit (aka nondeclarative) (not much thought, can do easily)
and
Explicit (aka declarative) (takes thought and focus to complete)
What are the 3 types of implicit learning?
associative learning, nonassociative learning, and procedural tasks
What is non associative learning? What are the 2 types of it ?
Non associative learning is using reflex pathways to complete a task.
1. Habituation is the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure
2. sensitization is the increased responsiveness following a noxious stimulus.
What is associative learning and its 2 types?
associative learning uses past memories and experiences to predict relationships in future actions.
1. Classic conditioning is pairing stimulus to conditioned response, ex= pavlov’s salivating dogs
2. Operant conditioning is when rewarded behaviors are repeated and those with negative consequences are not repeated.
Your explicit memory is comprised of what type of memories?
factual knowledge and events that are consciously recalled
Is the following implicit or explicit memory?
The therapist instructs Mrs. G to scoot to the edge of her chair, align her feet underneath her, and lean forward. Mrs. G is successfully able to complete this and verbalize the steps when she does it.
This is explicit memory bc it uses voluntary movements that require thinking to do
Is the following implicit or explicit memory?
The PT has Mrs. G perform motor imagery thru mirror therapy with her L UE, in hopes of promoting improved function in her R UE.
explicit because you are attempting to move your R UE
What structure in the brain is responsible to implicit procedural learning?
THE basal ganglia
develops slowly through repetitive movements
What brain anatomical area is responsible for the storing of explicit/declarative learning??
Medial temporal lobe
Case application, label the following scenario as either
a. procedural learning,
b. non-associative learning,
c. associative classical conditioning,
d. association operant conditioning
repeatedly expose mrs g to leaning forward prior to a transfer even tho she be scared…
b. non-associative learning,
bc she is being HABITUALLY exposed to the stimulus of leaning forward so that her fear of the task decreases
Case application, label the following scenario as either
a. procedural learning,
b. non-associative learning,
c. associative classical conditioning,
d. association operant conditioning
PT tels mrs G to take bg steps whhile also facilitating knee adn hip flexion with a physical cue @ the popliteal fossa. following a week of practice, the PT no longer provides the same stimulus and cues as Mrs. G performs well just off verbal cues.
c. associative classical conditioning,
bc mrs G is pairing the verbal and tactile cues/ stimuli to the response of Hip and knee flexion. Over time she will perfom the Hip n knee flexion just off the verbal cue alone.
Case application, label the following scenario as either
a. procedural learning,
b. non-associative learning,
c. associative classical conditioning,
d. association operant conditioning
the PT tells mrs G great job leaning forward in that transfer. Mrs G repeats the pattern again.
d. association operant conditioning
bc Mrs. G is repeating the action that is being rewarded with praise.
Case application, label the following scenario as either
a. procedural learning,
b. non-associative learning,
c. associative classical conditioning,
d. association operant conditioning
Mrs G. has been walking with therapy inside and outside the clinic including navigating therapist-designed obstacle courses. 6 months post-stroke, she attended her nephew’s graduation and successfully walked thru the auditorium.
a. procedural learning,
bc mrs g has done many repetitions of the task and is familiar with it
Motor learning as a continuum (slide 14)
Which type of feedback is better for explicit forms of mtr learning…
extrinsic or intrinsic feedback?
more instruction with extrinsic feedback bc it can aid the pt in completing desired task adequately.
T or F…
motor learning and performance are the same thing?
FALSE,
you can perform a task you haven’t yet fully learned. learning requires that the skill can be performed consistently after a period of time
What is mtr performance and retention?
performance results from practice and experience with a short-lasting change.
retention is being able to demonstrate a behavior after a period of time not practicing it. aka learned skill
What are the 3 theories of learning covered in this lec?
Schmidt’s Schema Theory +
Fitts and posners three stage model +
ecological theory.
What is the following defining…
abstract representation stored in memory following multiple exposures
this is the def of a schema
Are schemas more short term or long-term memory-oriented?
short term storage
How is the recall schema diff from the recognition schema?
Recall schema stores basic info on movement patterns in short term memory while the recognition schema analyzes this basic movement info to see if it is effective at completing what you wanted to do
what are some limitations of schema theory?
- doesn’t explain how schemas interact wit other systems
- doesn’t explain how the motor program is initially created
does variability strengthen or weaken schemas?
variability strengthens schemas as they become applicable to different conditions. this is more evident in children then adults.
explain the Ecological theory
it considers the relationship between the task, individual, and environment and how they facilitate or act as a barrier
repeated practice under varying conditions is important
example-
mrs g wan pick up glass wit bev, she takes into consideration how slippery the glass is, how full it is, how far it is from her, is anyone else tryna reach for her bev??
all is in consideration
What are the 3 stages of motor learning in Fitt n Posner’s model?
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
Explain the cognitive stage of motor learning in Fitt n Posner’s model?
aka “what to do” stage
pt is a newbie to skill they tryna learn. so… theres a lot of trial and error and variety in the strategies used. The performance will be high variable and inconsistent
what stage of Fitt n Posner’s is being described below??
aka “how to do” stage
ready to start refining the initial motor program and adapts skill to varying environments
Associative stage of fitt n posner model
WhichstageoflearningintheFittsandPosner’stheoryisbest represented by the clinical example of reaching for a glass of water?
A. Cognitive
B. Associative
C. Autonomous
Mrs g requires a lot of attention to reach for the glass. She is making a lot of errors while experimenting with different movement strategies to accomplish the task
A. Cognitive
bc she needs a lot of attention to initiate the task at hand and is messing up od.
Which stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner’s theory is best represented by the clinical example of reaching for a glass of water?
A. Cognitive
B. Associative
C. Autonomous
Mrs. g is reaching for the glass and requires less attention. She is developing a more optimal movement strategy
B. associative
bc she be doin the task better than before
Which stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner’s theory is best represented by the clinical example of reaching for a glass of water?
A. Cognitive
B. Associative
C. Autonomous
Mrs.G is able to reach for the glass while carrying on a conversation with the therapist. She does not spill any water.
C. Autonomous
bc she be doin the most
Describe the 2 stages of Gentiles 2 stage model of mtr learning?
1st stage- develop an understanding of task dynamics
2nd stage - (closed/open skill) refine movement pattern
Whats the difference between open and closed skills for gentiles 2nd stage?
closed skills (aka fixation) are performed consistently and efficiently
Open skills (aka diversification) are all bout adapting to changing demands in the environment
What is massed practice?
when active practice time»_space;inactive rest time
(think of your gym workouts in morn)
What is the practice condition where time spent practicing = time spent resting?
distributed practice
T or F…
Blocked practice is when you perform many tasks repeatedly
FALSE,
blocked practice is when you perform ONE task repeatedly
what is the practice condition that performs tasks in random sequences?
random practice! duhhhh
what practice conditions are best for the early learner??
block practice
closed environment
guided
Which of the following practice conditions is best represented by the case example of Mrs. Genise?
a) Blocked Vs Random Practice
b) Massed vs. distributed Practice
c) Guided Vs Discovery Practice
d) Constant Vs Variable Practice
e) Whole Vs Part Task Practice
The PT has Mrs.G perform 5 STS transfers repeatedly. Then she completes this again, and again.
a) Blocked Vs Random Practice
specifically BLOCKED due to repetitions
Which of the following practice conditions is best represented by the case example of Mrs. Genise?
a) Blocked Vs Random Practice
b) Massed Vs Distributed Practice
c) Guided Vs Discovery Practice
d) Constant Vs Variable Practice
e) Whole Vs Part Task Practice
The PT has Mrs G. performing bed mobility but focuses on the task of rolling only
e) Whole Vs Part Task Practice
specifically PART bc she is focusing heavily on one aspect of the task of bed mobility.
Which of the following practice conditions is best represented by the case example of Mrs. Genise?
a) Blocked Vs Random Practice
b) Massed Vs Distributed Practice
c) Guided Vs Discovery Practice
d) Constant Vs Variable Practice
e) Whole Vs Part Task Practice
The PT has Mrs.G navigate over an obstacle course which includes a foam pad, side stepping through cones, and stepping onto a 6inch block
d) Constant Vs Variable Practice
specifically VARIABLE bc she be maneuvering around various obstacles.
Which of the following practice conditions is best represented by the case example of Mrs. Genise?
a) Blocked Vs Random Practice
b) Massed Vs Distributed Practice
c) Guided Vs Discovery Practice
d) Constant Vs Variable Practice
e) Whole Vs Part Task Practice
The PT allows Mrs.G to rest for 5 minutes after performing STS transfer training for 5 minutes
b) Massed Vs Distributed Practice
specifically DISTRIBUTED practice bs breaks=active time
Which of the following practice conditions is best represented by the case example of Mrs. Genise?
a) Blocked Vs Random Practice
b) Massed Vs Distributed Practice
c) Guided Vs Discovery Practice
d) Constant Vs Variable Practice
e) Whole Vs Part Task Practice
The PT assists MRsG. in ambulating by lifting her R LE during swing phase
c) Guided Vs Discovery Practice
Specifically, GUIDED practice bc the PT is physically showing her how to complete the task
What are the 2 types of feedback?
extrinsic and intrinsic
Mrs.G is 6 months post her stroke, living at home with her husband and son. She is hoping to return to work next fall and continuing outpatient PT. Which of the following feedback strategies is most beneficial for Mrs. G at this time in her recovery?
a) Continuous and Immediate Feedback
b) Terminal feedback of Knowledge of Performance
following each gait trial
c) Knowledge of Results that is Summed after a
complex task
d) Faded and Bandwidth Feedback
d) Faded and Bandwidth Feedback
Mrs.G is reflecting back on her first week of therapy at the inpatient rehab facility. In an effort to promote optimal motor learning at this point in her recovery, the therapist should include which of the following training strategies?
a) Self Controlled feedback in massed practice
b) Distributed practice with physical guidance as
needed
c) Use variable practice in an open environment
d) Emphasize closed skills with avoidance of mental
practice
b) Distributed practice with physical guidance as
needed
bc she is in her first week of rehab she will need a lot more practice time, feedback, and guidance to learn the skill at hand
In children which practice condition is more effective…
blocked vs random practice?
BLOCKED
bc repitition is key for the kiddos
In children which feedback style is more effective…
KR vs KP
it is knowledge of performance (KP)
bc KR is too specific for children to learn from, they need descriptors and more info than KR has to offer to learn a new skill
In older adults which practice condition is most effective…
blocked vs random
random is more effective
bc older adults already know the task/skill but need help recalling it. they learn better at slower speeds with greater rest times.
In older adults which extrinsic feedback style is most effective…
KR vs KP
KR!!
bc they know how the task should be, they just want to know if they did it right or wrong.
