Motor Learning 1 & 2 Flashcards
What is the definition of motor learning?
set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capacity to produce skilled action
Explain what motor learning is:
- a process of acquiring capability for skilled action
- results from experience or practice
- cannot be directly measured
- results in permeant behavior changes
What is performance?
momentary strength or accessibility of a response
What does performance typically refer to?
temporary changes in motor behavior observed during practice
Is performance always observable?
yes
What factors does performance include?
anxiety, fatigue, and motivation
performance is a ….
measure of learning
does a change in performance imply learning has occurred?
not necessarily
What is a schema?
generally defined as an abstract representation in our memory after following multiple presentations of a class of objects
What is Schmidt’s Schema Theory based on?
Open loop processes and generalized motor program
what is the generalized motor program considered to contain?
the rules for creating the spatial and temporal muscle activation patterns needed to carry out a given movement
Schidmt’s Schema Theory says that:
After a moment, the following are “stored” in memory
- Initial movement conditions
- Parameters used in GMP
- Outcome of movement
- Sensory consequences of movement
Where does Schmidt’s Schema Theory say the information is “stored?”
in a motor recall and a sensory recognition schema (two states of memory)
What does motor recall schema do?
Selects a particular response
What does sensory recognition do?
Evaluated the response
error signal of movement goes back to schema, and schema is modified
Are both the motor recall schema and sensory recognition schema continually modified and updated?
yes
What is important in order to develop more rules for the schema?
Practicing variability
What serves as the basis for movement evaluation?
Sensory consequences being assessed after the desired outcome and initial conditions are determined
What are the clinical implications of the Schema Theory?
- Based on practicing tasks under many different conditions; variable practice
- Essential to forming accurate recall and recognition schemas
Limitation of Schema Theory #1
Variable practice should result in better learning and transfer –> truer for children than adults in healthy subjects
Limitation of Schema Theory #2
Relied on GMP –> difficult to find the neural mechanisms and rules for parameter development
Limitations of Schema Theory #3
Does not account for immediate ability to perform coordinated movement
What does the ecological (dynamical) theory say that motor learning is?
a process that increases the coordination between perception and action that is consistent with task and environmental constraints
the ecological (dynamical) theory states people search for optimal strategies based on what?
task conditions (both perceptual and motor)