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Neuro > Coordination > Flashcards

Coordination Flashcards

1
Q

What does controller do?

A

sets overall task and organizes feedback loops that assure stable task performance given the external conditions

So that controller doesn’t have to predict all internal and external sources of variability

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2
Q

what does coordination require

A

spatial and temporal organization and relations among elements during a movement

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3
Q

definition of coordination

A

ability to initiate, execute, and terminate a smooth, accurate, and controlled movement characterized by appropriate speed, amplitude, distance, direction, and timing

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4
Q

synergy

A
  • ability of units of action (DOF) to work together to achieve some goal
  • loss of selectivity (fractionation) implies a problem in coordinating the DOF which results in problems of speed, amplitude, direction, smoothness, etc
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5
Q

individuation/ fractioned movement

A

ability to selective activate a muscle, allowing isolated joint motion

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6
Q

impaired individuation

A
  • abnormal coupling between related muscles

- post stroke, active shoulder flexion = active elbow flexion

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7
Q

within reaching tasks, what do cervical propriospinal neurons do?

A
  • play a role in coordinating descending motor commands from motor cortical areas
  • C3-C4 propriospinal system receives corticospinal, reticulospinal, and tectospinal input and afferent info from the limb that may facilitate activation of muscle synergies
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8
Q

neural factors of fractionation

A

balance of descending fascilitory and inhibitory influences on segmental spinal processes –> hyper excitable brainstem pathways
peripheral afferent processes

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9
Q

biomechanical factors of fractionation

A
  • length of muscle (length-tension relationship, torque/angle = stiffness)
  • moment arm influences
  • relationship to gravity
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10
Q

behavioral factors of fractionation

A
  • practice

- habit

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11
Q

influence of UE task on coordination

A
  • pointing: all segments controlled as unit
  • reaching: hand is “independently” controlled
  • -sequential and subcomponents influenced by separate brain areas
  • different velocity and acceleration profiles
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12
Q

what does the neural control of reach and grasp require?

A
  • conscious proprioception and object recognition

- localization (where the object is in space)

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13
Q

conscious proprioception and object recognition for reach and grasp

A
  • visual cortex to temporal cortex (visual stream) for conscious visual perceptual experience
  • person with lesion in this stream has no consciousness of orientation or dimension of the object but can pick up the object with good dexterity
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14
Q

localization required for reach and grasp

A
  • visual cortex to PPC (dorsal stream)
  • action relevant information about all phases of the reaching movement (may not require consciousness)
  • PPC shows both motor and sensory activity
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15
Q

PPC for reach and grasp

A
  • movement planning or attention (goal and type of mvmt)
  • lateral intraparietal: saccade planning
  • medial intraperietal: planning of reach
  • anterior intraparietal: planning of grasp
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16
Q

medial superior temporal cortex in reach and grasp

A

planning smooth pursuits

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17
Q

optic ataxia

A
  • lesion to PPC
  • problems reaching in correct direction
  • positioning fingers or adjusting correct orientation of hand when reaching
  • adjusting grasp to reflex size of object being picked up
  • BUT CAN IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE THE OBJECT
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18
Q

What is visual feedback when reaching for?

A

attainment of final accuracy

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19
Q

reaching across midline

A
  • takes longer and is less accurate

* * clinical implication: understand this during exam and consider this in your progression of task complexity

20
Q

Somatosensory contributions to reach

A
  • if movement is simple and non repetitive, humans can perform reach movement with vision occluded
  • complex movements or repeated movement deteriorate quickly without visual feedback
  • use of position sense when reaching comes mainly from spindle Ia afferents and cutaneous afferents
21
Q

what is essential for control of grip forces

A

cutaneous afferent input

22
Q

what detects a slip during a grasp

A

mechanoreceptors

23
Q

what occurs when fingers are anesthetized?

A

grip force increases

coordination between grip and load forces is lost

24
Q

What occurs to grip if person has only moderately impaired sensation?

A

coordination is preserves

25
Q

what occurs when S1 is inactivated

A
  • uncontrolled grip and load forces and increased grip force

- S1 has slowly and rapidly adapting cells –> both respond to slipping

26
Q

what likely regulates hand path direction and spatial trajectory?

A

vision

27
Q

what facilitates terminal hand position and limb status?

A

proprioception

28
Q

what occurs to reach and grasp when object is in motion?

A

visual feedback from the moving object is of critical importance to predict synchronous grip and load forces in a timely manner
(grip force is facilitated when vision is directed at object)

29
Q

descending pathways for reach and grasp

A
30
Q

Anticipatory control for grasping

A

pre-grasp hand shaping (under visual control)

anticipatory of characteristics of the object to be grasped

31
Q

what may influence the nature of control of limb synergies?

A

mechanical (structurally coordinated) linkages

32
Q

neural factors of incoordination

A
  • typically attributed to function of cerebellum

- also includes motor and sensory systems and spinal cord

33
Q

cerebellum function is all problems of what?

A

metrics and timing

34
Q

musculoskeletal factors of incoordination

A
  • generally not related to overall force generating capacity of the muscles involved
  • could be problems of force variability (maintaining it)
35
Q

Ataxia

A

loss of ability to control and coordinate movements

36
Q

ataxia in speech

A

dysarthria

37
Q

ataxia is often associated with:

A
  • delays in initiation and execution times
  • dysmetria
  • dysdiadochokinesia
38
Q

cerebellar incoordination

A
  • delays in initiation
  • dysmetria and intention tremor
  • dysdiadochokinesia
  • asynergia: errors in relative timing and amplitude of components of multisegmental movements (lack of smoothness in execution phase)
39
Q

hypermetria

A

less abrupt against burst

prolonged agonist burst and delayed antagonist burst

40
Q

hypometria

A

may have prolonged antagonist burst

co-contraction observed

41
Q

What does cerebellar damage result in and what does that mean to PTs

A

extend and rate at which individuals adapt movements

- longer training duration or intensity to improve performance

42
Q

cerebellum as comparator –> internal model concept describing function/dysfunction

A
  • predicts sensory consequences of movement based on motor command
  • motor behaviors relay on prediction errors –> perkinje cells
43
Q

decomposition

A
  • moving one joint at a time

- impaired multijoint coordination reflects role of cerebellum in anticipating and regulating interaction torques

44
Q

Impaired adaptation

A
  • cerebellar’s pathology reduces persons ability to adjust to novel loads through trial and error
45
Q

how is adaptation measured?

A
  • object displacement in a dropped ball catch

Neuro (12 decks)

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