Motor Dysfunction: Spinal Cord Injury And Subcortical Motor Disorders.

Question 1

Autonomy review: basal ganglia

Answer 1

• Group of subcortical nuclei
• caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

Question 2

Basal ganglia

Answer 2

Clinically, subthalamic nucleus and substantial nigra included

These structures are grouped together because:

They are highly interconnected automatically
→ they share an importance in motordisturbancescalled dyskinesia [ characterized by involuntary purposeless movements. ]

Question 3

These structures are grouped together because

Answer 3

They are highly interconnected automatically
→ they share an importance in motordisturbancescalled dyskinesia [ characterized by involuntary purposeless movements. ]

Question 4

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 4

• Caused by degeneration of pathways from substania nigra to rest of basal ganglia and thalamus
Range of symptom from: resting tremors, muscle rigidly, shrinkage of hand writing etc. When medicated writing goes back to “normal” size,
→→ the exact cause of Pd is unknown, however there are links to genetics, free radical oxidation, immune, particular toxin.
P.d treatments:
Pallidotomy, Stn lesion, L-dopa, deep brain stimulation,

Question 5

Rapid involuntary movements

Answer 5

Huntington’s disease: genetic, deterioration of caudate nucleus

Question 6

Ms (multiple sclerosis)

Answer 6

Potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord [ central nervous system]. There is a communication problem between the brain and body since the immune system attacks the protective sheath [myelin] that covers the nerve fibers.

Question 7

Seizures,

Answer 7

Myoclonic seizures, tonic conic seizures, atonic seizures, focal dyscognitive service

Question 8

Concussions

Answer 8

1) mild injury to the brain following trauma
2) concussion is when the brain receives trauma from impact, sudden momentum,or movement change.
3) blood vessels may stretch, and cranial nerves may be damaged.

Question 9

Concussion symptoms.

Answer 9

→ headache, confusion, nausea/vomiting, blurry vision, loss of short term memory and persevering [repeating the same thing ]

Question 10

Concussion assessment.

Answer 10

Individualized, standard symptoms check, coordination assessments, cognitive tests.

Question 11

Treatment concussion:

Answer 11

Rest, fluid, mid pain reliever, follow up with physician, light exercise

Question 12

Concussion long term problems

Answer 12

• It is easier to get another concussion, repeated concussion lead to issues with long memories

Question 13

Second impact syndrome:

Answer 13

• Caused by a second head injury before the symptoms of first one have resolved, loss of autogregulation of the brains blood supply. can lead to death.

Question 14

Seizure

Answer 14

Chronic condition: epilepsy
Positive signs: perception of flashing lights,arm jerking
Negative signs: loss of conscious ness, paralysis, blindness

Question 15

Seizure classifications

Answer 15

Partial [focal] seizures: motor, sensory, autonomic, psychological systems
Generalized seizures: absence, myoclonic, conic, tonic [ jerking of limbs
Unclassified:

Question 16

Absence seizure

Answer 16

• Brief disruption of consciousness, lasting from a few seconds to half a minute. However mostly occurs in young children. And can happen multiple times a day.

Question 17

Myoclonic seizure

Answer 17

• Involves a sudden contra_