Motor dysfunction disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is ataxia

A

abnormalities in movements
- widening base of support, impaired coordiation of joints, abnormal coupling of limbs during stepping

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2
Q

what causes ataxia symptoms

A

improper timing of muscle activation
- usually a result of a damage to or atrophy of the cerebellum
- can also result from damage to the parietal cortex (misdirected reach or improper orientation of the hand) because there is missing info from dorsal visual stream

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3
Q

what do people with cerebellar ataxia look like

A

drunken gait
- trouble with simple motor tasks, reaction time, movement trajectory, etc

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4
Q

what is dystonia

A

slower, twisting mvmts and sustained abnormal postures

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5
Q

what is dystonia a result of

A

antagonist and agonist co contraction
(can often be focal - occurs at a specific joint)

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6
Q

what is focal hand dystonia

A

awkward postures are sometimes triggered by putting the hands into a highly familiar conformation

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7
Q

what does botulinum neurotoxin (botox) do

A

neurotoxin that blocks synaptic vesicles from releasing ACh at the NM junction
cleaves SNARE proteins and blocks the fusion of synaptic vesicles onto the pre synaptic membrane
can’t have contraction of certain muscles

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8
Q

what causes dystonia

A

may be heriditary or caused by other factors such as birth related trauma, infection, poisoning, or reaction to pharmaceutical drugs

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9
Q

what is the treatment for dystonia

A

may include oral medications, botox, PT, or surgical procedures such as deep brain stimulation
(nothing fixes it, only treatments to improve quality of life)

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10
Q

what is an essential tremor

A

most common motor disorder
- involuntary shaking mvmts that can affect your arms, eyelids, or other muscles
- during active mvmts such as eating and writing

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11
Q

are essential tremors and parkinsons the same

A

no
- essential tremors = during active contractions
- parkinsons = resting tremors - occurs in a resting state

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12
Q

what can cause essential tremors

A

different drugs, age related deterioration, damage to cerebellum, and exposure to neurotoxins (lead / harmane)

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13
Q

what are the lines of treatment for essential tremors

A

medication
- first line = beta blockers
- second line = antiepileptics
- third line = antipsychotics
can also use deep brain stimulation

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14
Q

what are the targets of deep brain stimulation

A

subthalamic nucleus
globus pallidus internal
ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (less)

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15
Q

what is deep brain stimulation

A

electrode into the brain
can either turn off or on the stimulation to make up for the lack of dopamine being produced
- on = smoother motor mvmts

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16
Q

what is multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

immune system begins to attack and breakdown myelin in the CNS
- cause not entirely understood

17
Q

what are the symptoms of MS

A

pain, weakness, numbness, fatigue, blindness, dizziness/vertigo, poor balance control, and dexterity
- anything with sensory system or motor function is affected

18
Q

why is there a higher prevalence of MS in alberta and canada

A

less vitamin D in the northern hemisphere
- vit D has a big impact on the immune system

19
Q

what is the difference between primary progressive and relapse-remitting MS

A

primary progressive MS = continual progress of symptoms
relapse-remitting MS = symptoms have flare ups and remission of symptoms

20
Q

what causes the relapses in MS symptoms

A

CNS becoming de-myelinated (flare) and remyelinated (remission)

21
Q

what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results in the neuropathy of both lower and upper motor neurons
- lower = aMN
- upper = spinal tract MNs

22
Q

what is the difference in symptoms between upper and lower MN death

A

upper MN death = progressive weakness
lower MN death = gradual wasting/atrophy of skeletal muscle

23
Q

what is shown on a scan in patients with ALS

A

hyperintense (white) signal in the corticospinal tracts bilaterally in cervical spine
- from the death of neurons

24
Q

is there treatment for MS or ALS

A

MS = number of pharma treatments available
ALS = no method to reverse progression

25
Q

what is shown in the progression of ALS (not neuro symptoms)

A

mental capacity unchanged
usually die wihtin 5 years due to respiratory muscle failure