Motor development (Quiz 1) info Flashcards
Definition of gestational age
- 1st day of last menstrual period to day of delivery
-full term weeks
39 weeks- 40 weeks
- early term weeks
- 37 weeks - 38 weeks
premature range
- <37 weeks
What is the corrected age
- 40 weeks - weeks premature
neonate range
(newborn) 0-28
infant ranges
- 0-12 months
toddler ranges
1-3 years
Primitive Reflexes
asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ANTR)
- appears at 20 wks gestation
- integrates at 4-5 months
- stimulus: turning of head
- response: facial arm extends and abducts, occipital arm flexes and abducts
Primitive Reflexes
Rooting
- appears at 28 weeks gestation
- integrates at 3 months
- stimulus: touch to perioral area of hungry infant
- response: turns head and lips towards stimulus
Primitive reflexes
Suck- Swallow
- appears at 28-34 weeks gestation
- integrates at 5 months
- stimulus: touch to lips and inside of mouth for suckling and liquid for swallowing
- response: rhythmic excursions of jaw; tongue rides up and down with the jaw; followed by swallow
Primitive reflexes
Palmar grasp
- appears at 28 weeks gestation
- integrates at 4-7 months
- Stimulus: pressure on palm of the hand
- Response: flexion of fingers
Primitive reflexes
plantar grasp
- appears at 28 weeks of gestation
- integrates at 9 months
- stimulus: supported standing on feet or pressure to sole of the foot just distal to metatarsal heads
- response: flexion of toes
Primitive reflexes
Galant (trunk incurvation)
- appears at 28 weeks of gestation
- integrates at 3 months, inconsistent
- stimulus: in prone, stroke paravertebral skin
- response: lateral of curvature
Primitive reflexes
Moro
- appears at 28 weeks of gestation
- integrates at 3-5 months
- stimulus: head drop backwards (loud noise for startle)
- response: abduction and extension of arms, splaying of fingers, may be followed by arm flexion and adduction
Primitive Reflexes
automatic walking/ stepping reflex
- appears at 37 weeks of gestation
- integrates at 3-4 months
- stimulus: hold upright with feet on support
- response: high stepping movements with regular rhythm
Primitive reflexes
Symmetrical tonic neck (STNR)
- appears at 4-6 months post full term delivery
- integrates at 8-12 months
- stimulus: flexion or extension of the head
- Response: with head flexion, arms flex and hip extend, with head extension arms extend and hips flex
Neonate and first month movement in supine
- wide movements of arms
- recoil with passive extension
- rhythmic kicking when active
neonate and first month movement prone
- head to side with weight on cheek: may briefly lift head
- elbows behind shoulders
neonate and first month pull to sit
-total head lag
neonate and first month supported stand
- automatic walking
neonate and first month atypical movements
- strong extension, minimal physiological flexion
- no flexor recoil
- marked hypotonia
- no lower extremity kicking
- does not accept weight in standing
- no recognition of changing head position with pull to sit
2nd month general
- period of greatest asymmetry due to strong ATNR
- more disorganized than 1 month old
- not a good time to evaluate motor progress
2nd month supine movement
- visually tracking
- increased shoulder mobility
- variety of LE kicking movements
2nd month prone movement
- briefly lift head to 45 degrees
- may begin to push up
- frog legs - hip flexion, ER, Abd, knee flexion, foot DF and eversion
2nd month pull to sit
- attempt to lift head
-
2nd month supported sit
- briefly lifts head, unable to maintain
2nd month atypical development
- poor visual tracking when head is supported
- limited ROM of UE
- strong extension of head, trunk, and hips in sitting
3rd month general
-emergence of symmetry and midline orientation
3rd month movement in supine
- vision: alert and aware of environment
- UE: increased ROM - 90 deg. hands and mouth and self exploration
- LE: kicking with symmetrical and reciprocal patterns
3rd month movement in prone
- lift head to 45-90 deg and maintains with control. may rortate to track 180 deg
- elbows in line with or in front of shoulders
- frog legs
3rd month pull to sit
- initial head lag
- no chin tuck
3rd month supported sit
- extends back
- rights head with hyper extension
3rd month standing
- supports weight on both feet
3rd month atypical development
- poor visual control: especially no tracking in supine
- no extension at hips or trunk in sitting
- no attempt to loft head with pull to sit
4 months general
- symmetry in posture and movements
- increased control over flexion and extension
- purposeful movements emerging
4 month movement in supine
- reaches hands to knees (flexion)
- head/neck control
- eyes to track
- hands together and hands to face
- LE mirror UE when reaching (arms flex, legs flex)
4 month rolling
- supine to sidelying
4 month movement in prone
- lifts head to 90 deg in midline
- bears weight on forearms
4 months pull to sit
- flexes head and tucks chin
4 months supported sitting
- stabilizes head in midline
4 month atypical development
- strong asymmetrical postures of head or trunk
- poor midline orientation
- no hand on body exploration
5 month general
- emergence of dissociated and reciprocal limb movements
5 month movement in supine
- hands to feet, feet to mouth
- use of vision
- tuck chin when engaged in flexion activities
- kicks with dissociated movements
5 month rolling supine to sidelying
- symmetrically flexed to initiate
- laterally flexes neck and trunk in sidelying
- bears weight on one arm and reaches with the other
- once in sidelying, top leg remains flexed and abducted, bottom leg extends
5 month movement in prone
- pushes up onto extended arms
- reaching
- toy manipulation
5 months pull to sit
- no head lag
- anticipatory strategy
5 month propped sitting
- briefly maintains
- uses trunk extensors
- LE in ring sitting position
5 month standing
- bouncing
5 month atypical development
- unable to adopt ring sit position
- doe snot attemot to pull self to sit
- elbows behind shoulders in prone
- consistent rolling from supine to sidelying with extension
- no rolling from supine to sidelying
- no lateral flexion of head and trunk in sidelying
- no forearm WB in prone
- cannot maintain propped sitting
- does not bring heels to the ground in standing
6 month general
-controlled and purposeful movements
6 mon movement in supine
- midline play
- reaches with one or both hands
6 mon movement rolling
- rolls supine to prone: initiates from a flexed position
- rolls prone to supine: maintains control of head
6 month movement in prone
- pivoting
- WB on extended arms
- may push up into quadruped
- forearm weight bearing to play: elbows well in front of shoudlers
- reaching
6 month pull to sit
- actively pulls elf to sit when hands are held
6 month sitting
- sits erect without support
- head control
- forward protective extension
shoulder girdle reviews
- 0-2 mon- elbows behind shoulders
3 mo - elbows in line with shoulders
4 mo - elbow in front of shoulders
5-6 mo arms extended
7th month general
- variety in movement and positioning
- variance in skill emergence- about 2 months
- rarely remain in supine for long
7 mo movement in Prone
- independent and functional
- reaching
- LE dissociation
7 mo quadruped
- Quadruped: transitions from prone and sitting to quad. Rocking
- crawling
- creeping
7 mo sitting
- experiments with new LE positions
7 mo standing
- beginning to pull to stand using people of furniture
- shift weight back to fall or sit onto floor
- when held at chest or hands, baby attempts to walk forward
7 mo atypical development
- creeping by moving both legs forward simultaneously: bunny-hopping
- W sits and is unable to transition out of position
the importance of creeping
- development of proximal strength and stability. Affecting fine and gross motor skills
- development of postural control
- pelvic dissociation
- activates both hemispheres
8 mo general
- movement is motivated by desire to explore environment
8 mo movement in sitting
- able to adopt and maintain a variety of LE postures. Ring sitting commonly employed when engaged n fine motor tasks
- rotates trunk and reaches in all directions
- transitions to quadruped. tucking one leg and foot under body. move pelvis and trunk over tibia of tucked leg
8 mo creeping
- reciprocal extremity movements
8 mo pull to stand
- may transiting from kneeling to half kneeling
8 mo climbing
- on furniture, stairs, and people
8 mo standing at furniture
- begin to cruise around furniture
8 mo walking
- stands holding onto examiners fingers
- walks with steppage pattern
9 mo general
- creeping is primary means of mobility
9 mo sitting
- well developed trunk control. long, ring,side, an W-sit
- easy transitions in/out of sitting
- engages in fine motor play
9 month creeping
- improved speed and control. changes directions with ease
9 mo climbing
- climbs into chair
- ascends stairs
9 mo standing at furniture
- lowers in controlled manner
- widens BOS based anticipated need
10 mo general
- enjoys exploring environment
- majority of times spent moving in and out of sitting. retrieving and moving toys
- creeping and climbing. means of exploration
10 mo rising to stand
- kneeling w/o external support. transition to 1/2 kneel with or w/o support
- may use only one hand in transition to stand
10 mo cruising
- variety of cruising patterns and along furniture of varying heights and firmness
- beginning to move across open spaces and around corners
10 mo supported walking
- begins with stand and walk with one hand held
11 mo general
- creeping and climbing. begins to climb off of furniture backwards from quadruped
- rising to stand through squatting
- standing at furniture. may release both hands during play. widening BOS as needed
11 mo supported walking
- maintains weight shifted towards side of support. takes shorter step on support side
11 mo unsupported walking
- abducts legs for wide BOS in unsupported standing or walking. abducts arms and flexes albows
12 mo general
- experimenting with new environments and new objects with independence. climb on or into anything they wish to investigate
- transitions in and out of sitting to quadruped, kneeling, squatting and standing
- uses creeping to move quickly
- may play in squatting position
12 mo independent standing
- BOS is wide for stability
- lowers to floor with or w/o support
12 mo independent walking-
- Wide BOS
- maintains hips ER throughout gait cycle
- synchronous flexion of hip, knee and ankle of swing leg. extension of stance leg
- flat foot contact
AAP stance on baby walkers
- dangers:
- falls,burns, drowning, poisoning, most injuries happen while adults are watching
Toddlers growth
- gain ~5lbs and grow 2.5 in per year
- 50% of adult height is reached between 2-2.5 yrs
2 year old growth
- kick a ball, steer push toys, walk on tip toes, jump with both feet
- pull off pants and sock, eat with spoon with minimal spillage
3 year old growth
- alternate feet to ascend and descend stairs, ride tricycle, emerging of hopping
- feeds self well, holds glass with 1 hand, pulls on pants, socks and shoes
4 year old growth
- walk down stairs alternating feet, catch with hands only, roller skate
- button large buttons, lace shoes, feed self except cutting
5 year old growth
- skip, long jumps >2 feet , jump rope, overhand throwing
- independent eating, hand preference well established
children remember an activity if:
- there was a clear outcome of the activity
- actions within the activity are logical
- the child engaged in planning
Stage 1 of object manipulation
- rotation of held objects (by 2 mo)
- holding becomes intentional
stage 2 of object manipulation
- translation of grasped objects (by 3 mo)
- reaching for objects
- learns objects can be translated to look at or mouth
stage 3 f object manipulation
- vibration/shaking ( by 4 mo)
- by flexing and extending arm
- -cause and effect- producing a noise
stage 4 of object manipulation
- bilateral hold of 2 objects ( by 4.5 mo)
- may hold a toy in one hand and shake a toy in the other. learning they can do more than one thing at a time.
stage 5 of object manipulation
- two -handed hold of a single object ( by 4.5 mo)
- large toys or bottle
- learn object ismore steady more easily manipulated with 2 hands
stage 6 object manipulation
- hand to hand transfer of an object (4.5 to 6 mo)
- learn that they can do the same thing with both hands
- crossing midline
stage 7 object manipulation
-coordinated action with a single object in which on hand hold the object and the other manipulates or bangs it (by 5-6.5mo)
stage 8 object manipulation
- coordinated action with two objects (6- 8.5 mo)
- banging blocks together
stage 9 object manipulation
- deformation of objects (7- 8.5 mo)
- infant learns they can change the way things looks or sounds by ripping, bending, squeezing or pulling apart
stage 10 object manipulation
- instrumental sequential actions (7.5- 9.5 mo)
- sequential use of two hands for goal oriented functions
- open a box with one hand and remove a toy with the other
fine motor development at 10-11 months
- small objects held with inferior pincer grasp and later pincer
fine motor development at 12 months
- fine pincer grasp
- rolls a ball
- scoops with a spoon
fine motor 13-18 months
- imitative scribbling
- palmar supinate grasp
- precise release of pellet into small container
fine motor 18-24 months
- spontaneous scribbling
fine motor 24-36 months
- digital pronate grasp of pencil
- imitates vertical and horizontal stroke
fine motor at 3 years
-copies circles
fine motor at 4 years
- cuts straight line with scissors
- copies a cross
- static tripod grasp of pencil
fine motor at 4.5 years
- buttons small buttons
- copies a square
fine motor at 5 years
- dynamic tripod grasp
cognitive development
0-6 months
- respond to sounds
- visually prefers people to objects. recognizes mother
- vocalizes at mirror image
- turns head to look for fallen object
- lengthy inspection of objects in environment
cognitive development 6-12 mo
- reaches, inspects and attends to objects and others
- begins to imitate
- responds to own name
- waves bye-bye
- deliberate choice of toy
- responds to “no-no”
- looks at pictures in book
- simple problem solving. squeeze doll to squeak
- object permanence present
- transfers objects from hand to hand
cognitive development 12 months
- imitates putting objects in box
- understands and follows simple commands
- labels one object
- follows one step directions
- points to three body parts
- identifies pictures in a book
- points to parts on a doll
cognitive development 2 years
- join in nursery rhymes and songs
- matches familiar objects
- shows and gives names for hair, hands, feet, nose eyes, mouth shoes.
- sings phrases of songs
- associates use with object
- enjoys simple stores in picture books
- recognizes self in photo
cognitive development 3 years
- knows sex of self
- tells action in pictures
- has concept of two, three
- puts together multiple piece puzzle
- shows appreciation of past and present
- comprehends three prepositions- on top of, under, inside
- tells a simple story
- follows 2 stage commands
- knows concepts (big/little, fast/slow, up/down)
cognitive development 4 years
- follows 3 stage command in proper order
- names material objects are made of
- gives age
- knows day, night
- can make opposite analogies
- matches and names four primary colors
- listens eagerly to stories
language development 1 mo
- move in response to voice
language development 2-3 months
- coos
- cries to get attention
- vocalizes to express pleasure
language development 4-5 months
- turn hea dtoward a voice
- vocalizes
- laughs and babbles
language development 6-7 months
- babbles
- responds to name
language development 8-9 months
- should or vocalizes to gain attention
- vocalizes syllables
language development 10-11 mo
- says repetitive consonant sounds: mama, dada
- waves hi and bye
- gives object on verbal request
language development 12 months
- point to 3 body parts
- imitates name of familiar objects
- uses a word to call a person
language development 12-24 months
- receptive language> expressive language
- frequent repetition of words and syllables
- use of nouns, few verbs and some pronouns
- 20-100 word vocabulary
- name objects in a book
language development 2 years
- rapid increase in language growth
- 2 word utternaces
- 250 word vocabulary
- inflections
language development 3 years
- uses normal loudness and tone
- 900 word vocabulary
- use of language in imaginative play
social/emotional development
1 month
-visual preference for humans
social/emotional development 2-3months
- listens to voices, may smile
social/emotional development 4-5 months
- laughs
- excited by food
social/emotional development 6-7 months
- enjoys mirror
- lively response to familiar people
social/emotional development 8-9 months
- separation concern may begin
- desires to be with people
social/emotional development 10-11 months
- plays peek-a-boo
- fear of strangers
- performs for attention
social/emotional development 12 months
- actively engages in play
- understands and follows simple command
social/emotional development 13-18 months
- peak of separation distress
social/emotional development 18-24 months
- less separation distress
- begin to show empathetic responses to another’s distress
social/emotional development 24-36 months
- verbally responds to another’s distress
- includes others in pretend play
social/emotional development 3 years
- uses physical aggression more than verbal aggression
social/emotional development 3.5 years
- difficulty generating alternatives in conflict situations
- will learn aggressive behavior rapidly if initially successful
social/emotional development 5 years
- self control is still poor. success depends on removal of temptation or diversion by others
