Motor Development (part 2)

Question 1

Emergence of Locomotion

Answer 1

Mechanics and structure
Neurological factors
Cognition
Perception

Question 2

Mechanics and Structure of Locomotion

Answer 2

Forces on the bone and epiphyseal plate (Wolff’s law)
Longitudinal Loading (compression)
Shear Forces (torsion)
Typical positioning and ROM w/ development (physiological flexion: newborn)
Strength for function (not the limiting factor - balance is most important)

Question 3

Neurological Factors of Locomotion

Answer 3

Descending and ascending pathways: meet environmental demands and requirements of the task
3–10 months: phase of major development and myelination that may contribute to neural organization of locomotion task

Question 4

Cognition of Locomotion

Answer 4

Understanding
Motivation
Relationship between cognition and physical development

Question 5

Perception of Locomotion

Answer 5

Interaction with environment
Sensory factors

Question 6

Requirements of Balance

Answer 6

Range of motion
Postural control
Motivation, intention, cognition

Question 7

Anticipation and Response for Balance

Answer 7

Feed forward and Feedback to make adjustments and maintain an upright position

Question 8

Types of Standardized Balance Assessments

Answer 8

Timed (single leg, tandem…)
Standardized (Alberta infant motor, Peabody)
Balance Measures (P-CTSIB, Pediatric balance…)

Question 9

Strength Requirements for Stability

Answer 9

Head control
Sitting balance
Static standing
Single-leg stance

Question 10

Strength Requirements for Dynamic Movements (observational)

Answer 10

Reaching in supine
Bringing feet to mouth
Reaching across the body in sitting
Pulling to stand
Floor to stand through bear stance (tripod)
Walking
Jumping

Question 11

How do we measure strength in children?

Answer 11

Observation
Assessment
Resisted Movements and Handheld Dynamometer
Make it a game
Clear Instructions

Question 12

Developmental Domains

Answer 12

Sensory
Cognitive
Motor (fine and gross)
Communication

Question 13

Flexor Withdrawal Reflex

Answer 13

Painful stimulus to foot; leg flexes and withdraws
Onset: birth
Integration: two months

Question 14

Crossed Extension Relfex

Answer 14

Passively straighten one leg and apply pressure to ball of foot; opposite leg will flex, then extend
Onset: birth
Integration: two months

Question 15

Palmar Grasp Reflex

Answer 15

Place finger in palm; strong grip
Onset: birth
Integration: five months

Question 16

Plantar Grasp Reflex

Answer 16

Place thumb on ball of foot; toes clench
Onset: birth
Integration: nine months

Question 17

Traction Reflex

Answer 17

Pull to sit; total arm flexion
Onset: birth
Integration: four months

Question 18

Moro Reflex

Answer 18

Scoop the child in supported sit and flex trunk, then suddenly allow head to drop; arms will extend and abduct, then flex and adduct
Onset: birth
Integration: decreases by three months, integrates by six months

Question 19

Galant Reflex

Answer 19

In ventral suspension, stroke one side of the spine; results in lateral flexion to the same side
Onset: birth
Integration: prior to 12 months

Question 20

Positive Stepping Reflex

Answer 20

In supported upright position, spontaneous stepping occurs with forward trunk lean
Onset: birth
Integration: two months

Question 21

Positive Support Reflex

Answer 21

In supported standing position, when foot contacts the support surface, child stands rigidly
Onset: birth
Integration: six months

Question 22

Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex

Answer 22

In prone, flexor tone increases; in supine, extensor tone increases
Onset: birth
Integration: six months

Useful with positioning in someone with neurological impairment

Question 23

Asymmetric Tone Neck Reflex

Answer 23

In supine, head is passively rotated to the side; arm and leg on the side child is facing extend, opposite arm and leg flex (fencer position)
Onset: birth
Integration: 5–6 months

Question 24

Symmetric Tone Neck Reflex

Answer 24

In supine, head is passively rotated to the side; arm and leg on the side child is facing extend, opposite arm and leg flex (fencer position)
Onset: birth
Integration: 5–6 months

Question 25

Righting Reactions

Answer 25

Head righting
Neck righting
Body righting

Question 26

Parachute Reaction/Reflex

Answer 26

Extends arms to break fall