Motor Development - Exam 2 Flashcards
The baby's motor development
Maturation
Directed by genetics, hormones
Learning
Changing through experience, environment
An infant is….
- Motivated by goals
- Constrained by current body limitations
- Actively putting together movement skills
- Using perceptions to fine-tune movements
- Continually improving these skills through perception & action
Jolly Jumper Video
A baby is put on a bouncy seat for the first time and they didn’t like it, but after 10 days, the baby was bouncing. The baby understands that something they are doing is producing a jump as a result.
This experiment is used to see how babies develop the use of their arms and legs
Things outcomes from Jolly Jumper Video
- Reaching + walking isn’t programmed
- Walking is being worked on as babies grow, but it doesn’t randomly appear
- Stepping is inborn, but legs have to figure out how to stand and balance
Celphalocaudal
Head -> tail
Examples of Celphalocaudal
- Sits up before controlling legs to walk
- Lifts head (2-3 mo.) before controlling trunk to turn (3-4 mo)
Proximodistal
Center (trunk) -> extremities (toes)
Examples of Proximodistal
Moves arms and legs before pincher grasp
Orthogenetic
General (global) -> Specific
Examples of orthogenetic
Moves whole body, extends only one arm, grasps bottle w/ hand
Functions of the spinal cord
1) Conduit of cable (between brain and body)
2) Allows reflex connections between sensory input and motor output
What does SAME stand for
S- Sensory
A- Afferent (incoming)
M- Motor
E- Efferent (outgoing)
Every reflex has two parts. What are those two parts
The STIMULUS that triggers it and the MOTOR RESPONSE
Survive have a _____ value
Adaptive
Examples of survival
Permanent : Breathing, eye blinking, pupillary
Early : Rooting, Sucking
Why is it called early?
Why is it called permanent?
Early is only seen in early ages
Permanent is seen through the lifespan
Primitative has ______ adaptive value. ______ remnants
no clear, evolutionary
What is moro
Startle
Example of moro
drop baby (stim.), baby’s arms go out then back in (reflex)
Babinski
Stroke baby’s foot outward (stim.), baby’s toes go apart (reflex)
Grasping
Put finger in baby’s palm (stim.), baby grasp it (reflex
Goals of infant motor development
- Gross motor skills
- Fine motor skills
What are gross motor skills
Include large-muscle activities
Examples of gross motor skills
Development of posture, locomotion, and crawling
What are fine motor skills?
Precise movements
Examples of fine motor skills
Reaching and grasping
Lifts head 90 degrees while lying on stomach
2-3 months
Rolls over
3-4 months
Sits without support, stands holding on, crawling
6-8 months
Babies reliably show a pincer grasp
6 months -1 year
Walks holding on
9-12 months
Walks well
12-14 months
Scribble with crayon
16 months
Walks up steps
17-22 months
Kicks ball foward
20-24 months
Goals of early childhood motor development
Improved walking, running, jumping, climbing, learning organized sports, skills, pick up small objects.
Age 5 : Move arms, hand, and fingers all together
Goals of adolescent motor development
Skills continue to improve. Writing and drawing skills emerge, improve, steadier at age 7. By 10-12, can do quality crafts, master difficult piece of musical instrument
Goals of adult motor development
Peak performance of most sports before 30. Biological functions decline with age. Speed may decline in middle and late adulthood, but most compensation strategies. Older adults can still learn new motor tasks
At birth, the brain weights __% of adult brain
25
At 2 years old, the brain weights __% of adult brain
75
At age 5%, the brain weights __% of adult brain
90
Average length/weight at birth
20in/7-7.5lb
Average height/weight at age 2
50/20-30lb
Growth rate in first year
1oz/1” month
Growth rate 2 years to puberty
2-3” and 5-6 per year
