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Human Movement > Motor Development (1) > Flashcards

Motor Development (1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the period for embryo development?

A

3-8 weeks

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2
Q

what are the three layers of embryo development and what does each layer become?

A
  • ectoderm (outer layer): hair, skin, nervous system
  • mesoderm (middle layer): muscles, bones, circulatory system
  • endoderm (inner layer): digestive system and lungs
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3
Q

growth of the embryo follows two important principles. What are they?

A
  • cephalocaudal principle: head develops before the rest of the body
  • proximodistal: growth of parts near the center of the body occurs before those that are more distant
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4
Q

neural development process

A
  1. ectoderm thickens and forms the neural plate
  2. neural plate begins to form the neural groove
  3. neural fold (sides of neural groove) begin to come together, neural tube officially forms at 4 weeks
  4. neural tube eventually becomes entire central nervous system
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5
Q

what is the secondary vesicle for the prosencephalon?

what areas are formed?

A

telencephalon
- cerebral hemispheres

diencephalon
- thalamus, hypothalamus, and retina

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6
Q

what is the secondary vesicle for mesencephalon?

what areas are formed?

A

mesencephalon

midbrain

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7
Q

what is the secondary vesicle for the rhombencephalon?

what areas are formed?

A

metencephalon
- pons, cerebellum

myelencephalon
- medulla

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8
Q

craniorachischisis is a neural tube defect. What does this entail?

A

failure of neural tube to close, unable to survive

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9
Q

spina bifida is a neural tube defect. What does this entail?

A
  • end portion of the neural tube didn’t close
  • myelomengingocele: herniation of spinal cord and meninges
  • occulta: defect of vertebral column only
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10
Q

anencephaly is a neural tube defect. What does this entail?

A

failure of rostral end of tube to close, absent cerebral hemispheres, unable to survive

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11
Q

holoprosencephaly is a neural tube defect. What does this entail?

A

partial or complete failure of prosencephalon to separate into diencephalon and telencephalon, usually unable to survive

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12
Q

what is the period for fetus development?

A

weeks 9-38

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13
Q

What week in fetus development do the sense become active?

A

week 22

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14
Q

in what week of fetus development do all movement patterns have been initiated? What are some examples of these movement?

A

week 15

  • sucking, swallowing, breathing, and grasping
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15
Q

at what week in fetus development does the ability to smell begin?

A

week 28

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16
Q

at what week in fetus development do coordinated reflexes occur?

A

weeks 33-38

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17
Q

What are general risk factors affecting prenatal development?

A
  • nutrition
  • stress
  • mother’s age
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18
Q

what percent influence do genetic factors and environmental factors have?

A

genetic - 30%
environmental - 7-10 %

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19
Q

list examples of:
- genetic factors
- environmental factors
- multifactorial inheritance

A
  • chromosomal abnormalities
  • drugs, viruses
  • combination of genetic & environmental
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20
Q

Compare and contrast the characteristics and behaviors of a premature infant and full-term infant

A

premature:
- born with a gestational age of less than 38 weeks
- more likely to experience muscular fatigue in respiratory muscle
- increased risk of cranial deformations
- intestines have have difficulty absorbing nutrients
- imbalance of flexion and extension

21
Q

what are the three motor development goals?

A
  1. control body against gravity
  2. ability to maintain body’s center of mass within the base of support
  3. intrasegmental and intersegmental isolated movements
22
Q

what are primitive reflexes and why are they important to development?

A

obligatory movement patterns in response to stimuli

  • if primitive reflexes are absent, development of advanced movement patterns may be absent or week
23
Q

what are righting reactions and why are they important to development?

A
  • integrated movement between the head and trunk, and the body and gravity
  • underlie the ability to orient the body to the environment
24
Q

what is the equilibrium response and when does it appear?

A

automatic, varied patterns of movement to maintain balance by shifting the center of weight and/or base of support

  • appears around six months of age
25
Q

what are the 5 developmental progressions?

A
  • prone
  • supine
  • rolling
  • sitting
  • erect standing
26
Q

Neonate: In the first four weeks, what progressions and reactions are present for prone

A

prone posture is dominated by physiological flexion

  • body righting: lifting and turning head to protect the airway
27
Q

Neonate: In the first four weeks, what progressions and reactions are present for supine

A

head rests slightly to one side

  • asymmetric tonic neck reflex
28
Q

Neonate: In the first four weeks, what progressions and reactions are present for sitting

A

C shaped spine in supported sitting, lacking secondary curves

  • pull to sit, moro reflex
29
Q

Neonate: In the first four weeks, what progressions and reactions are present for supported standing

A

initially able to take weight through lower extremities, but soft tissue tightness and limitations

30
Q

Neonate: In the first four weeks, what progressions and reactions are present for fine motor skills

A

hand rests in flexion

  • palmar grasp reflex
31
Q

In the 1-3 month phase, what progressions and reaction are present for prone?

A

increase in lumbar and lower extremity extension, extension and elongation of hip flexors

labyrinthine righting reactions

32
Q

In the 1-3 month phase, what progressions and reaction are present for supine

A

head position influenced by visual attention, lift arms against gravity with synergistic movements

no reactions present

33
Q

In the 1-3 month phase, what progressions and reaction are present for rolling

A

rolling occurs, but not on purpose

  • neonatal body righting
34
Q

In the 1-3 month phase, what progressions and reaction are present for supported sitting

A

able to lift head as they are moved closer to upright position, increase in back extension

35
Q

In the 1-3 month phase, what progressions and reaction are present for supported standing

A

automatic walking diminishing due to increased size and weight

  • plantar grasp attempts to create stability - leads to toe curling
36
Q

In the 1-3 month phase, what progressions and reaction are present for fine motor skills

A

moving to hand being predominately open at rest

37
Q

In the 1-3 month phase, what progressions are present for vision

A

1 mo: visual tracking is jerky, see red 1st

2 mo: begin tracking through midline and use binocular fixation

3 mo: binocular fixation

38
Q

IN the 4-6 month phase, what progressions are present for prone?

A

antigravity extension, prone on elbows

39
Q

In the 4-6 month phase, what progressions are present for supine?

A

midline orientation, symmetry, and stability

40
Q

In the 4-6 month phase, what progressions are present for rolling?

A

rolls prone or supine to side-lying

  • important in developing lateral flexion against gravity
41
Q

In the 4-6 month phase, what progressions are present for sitting and standing?

A

bears weight in standing; active knee extension, takes full weight on lower extremities

42
Q

In the 4-6 month phase, what progressions are present for fine motor skills

A

object release: two-stage transfer, not yet fully voluntary; flings objects or uses upper extremity abduction to release

43
Q

In the 4-6 month phase, what progressions are present for vision

A

eyes move independent of head

44
Q

In the 7-12 month phase, what progressions are present for supine

A

independent without support, secondary spinal curves are formed

45
Q

In the 7-12 month phase, what progressions are present for prone

A

begin belly crawling

46
Q

what developmental positions are present in the 7-12 month range?

A

4-point stance achieved from prone or sitting

kneeling and half kneel

plantigrade: weight-bearing through legs on the floor with entire sole of foot contact

47
Q

In the 7-12 month phase, what progressions are present for standing progression

A

stands from half kneel or pull to stand, with mod to min support

48
Q

what is the difference between cruising, supported walking, and walking?

A

cruising: walks with hands held with wide base

supported walking: wide base of support, learning with two and then gradually one hand

walking: independent walking

Human Movement (5 decks)

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