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Neuroscience I (Exam 3) > Motor Control - Voluntary Motion > Flashcards

Motor Control - Voluntary Motion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different parts of the Cortex that is involved in voluntary motion?

A
  1. Primary Motor Cortex
  2. Supplementary Motor Cortex
  3. Pre-motor cortex
  4. Pre-Frontal Cortex
  5. Parietal cortex
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2
Q

Differentiate bewteen the Dorsal and Ventral pathways that are leaving the occipital Cortex.

A

Dorsal –> To Parietal/Frontal Cortex and enables us to complete Motor Acts based on VISUAL INPUTS (i.e. allows you to play catch with your friends)

Ventral –> To Inferior Temporal Cortex and enables us to process the visual image so that we can COPY IT if needed and NAME/RECOGNIZE it

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3
Q

Explain the control of “Reaching” for an item.

A

Visual Cortex –> Parietal Cortex (via V3A in the Dorsal Pathway), V6A and VIP (ventral intraparietal area)

V6A creates a map of where the BODY is in space and sends it to F2 in the Premotor Cortex (will make a detail map of where the BODY is in relation to an object)

VIP creates a rough map of the space around you (i.e. Spatial Awareness)

VIP –> F4 (within the Premotor Cortex)

F4 creates a DETAILED map of the space around you (neurons here are excited by PROXIMITY)

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4
Q

Explain the control of “Grasping” for an item.

A
  • Anterior Intraparietal Area (AIA)** and PFG (Parts of the inferior parietal cortex) contains neurons that respond to:
    1. Seeing an object to grasp (    visually dominant)
    2. Grasping an object (    motor dominant)
    3. Either condition (    visuomotor neurons*)

AIA and PFG –> F5

F5 –> Interested in the “GOAL” of the task at hand (even if gripping the mug is different, F5 neurons are going to be active in either case!)

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5
Q

Discuss the role of the Premotor Cortex.

Where does it recieve information from?

A

Recieves sensory information from F4 and F5

Dorsal Aspect of Premotor Cortex: Applies the “Rules” that determine whether it is “okay” to move (works with higher association cortex)

*** Identifies the INTENT of the motion and decides which motion is going to be executed to achieve that goal!

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6
Q

Describe the role of the Supplementary Motor Cortex.

A

TWO divisions:

  1. Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) –> POSTURAL Control (how does the body have to adjust if you want to pick something up that is heavy)
  2. Pre-Supplementary Motor Area (Pre-SMA) –> Plans the motor program required to make the action occur

Functions

  • Organize Motor Sequences
  • Acquire motor Skills
  • Execute contol (particularly the decision to switch actions/strategies)

*** SMA says this is NOT working, TRY something else!

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7
Q

Describe the Role of the Primary Motor Cortex.

What do layers 4 and 5 do?

A

CONTROLS SPECIFIC Motions

Regions of the body that do fine motions have proportionally HIGH representation

Each Column stimulates a certain type of Motion!

Layer 4 recieves the SENSORY input (muscle and joint proprioceptors)

Layer 5 output for the corticospinal pathway

**** Two types of neurons in the columns:

  1. To START the desired motion
  2. To MAINTAIN the desired motion

**** Two types of Columns:

  1. On/off for agonist muscle
  2. Off/on for the antagonist muscle
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8
Q

Describe the role of the Cerebellum.

A
  1. Store for “Muscle Memory”
  2. Corrects force/direction
  3. Balance and Eye movements (related to FUTURE events)
  4. Learning of complex motions
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9
Q

Describe the role of the spinocerebellum.

A

Parts: VERMIS and Either side of the Vermis

Vermis –> POSTURAL control

Either side of the Vermis –> FORCE and DIRECTION of an on-going motion (“Correction area”)

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10
Q

Desribe the role of the Cerebrocerebellum.

A

Parts –> Lateral Regions of the Cerebellum

Function: Plan COMPLEX motions; Sequences

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11
Q

Describe the Role of the Vestibulocerebellum.

A

Location –> Very BOTTOM of the cerebellum

Function: Balance and Eye Movements (FUTURE, not current)

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12
Q

Outputs from the cerebellum are via the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei. Name the various nuclei that are involved.

A
  1. Dentate Nucleus
  2. Fastigial Nucleus
  3. Interpositus (Previously –> Globose and Emboliformis)
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13
Q

List the INPUTS and OUTPUTS for the Vermis part of the Spinocerebellum.

A
  • *INPUTS:**
    1. Vestibular
    2. Visual and Auditory
    3. Efferent copy (what brain sends to muscles)

OUTPUTS:
1. Interpositus Nucleus
2. Fastigial Nucleus
​3. To RUBROSPINAL tract

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14
Q

List the INPUTS and OUTPUTS for the Either side of the vermis part of the Spinocerebellum.

A

“Ballistic Motions” –> Incredibly fast motion that is going to be done before you can correct it (i.e. TYPING, Playing Piano)

  • *INPUTS**:
    1. Muscle afferent
    2. Efferent copy (This is what the brain is telling what the muscle to do)
  • *OUTPUTS**:
    1. Interpositis Nucleus
    2. To RUBROSPINAL tract
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15
Q

List the INPUTS and OUTPUTS for the Cerebrocerebellum.

A
  • *INPUTS**:
    1. Cerebral Cortex
  • *OUTPUTS**:
    1. Dentate Nucleus
    2. Back to the CORTEX
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16
Q

List the INPUTS and OUTPUTS for the Vestibulocerebellum.

A
  • *INPUT**:
    1. Vestibular Apparatus (direct or indirect)
  • *OUTPUT**:
    1. Fastigial nucleus to Vestibular Nuclei
    2. Either ASCEND or DESCEND depending on what they need to do!
17
Q

What do breathing and walking have in common?

A

The basic motion of either requires the coordinated activation/relaxation of several muscles repeated over and over

18
Q

Define Central Pattern Generators.

Where are they located for breathing and walking?

A

Collection of neurons whose output creates a motor act that needs to repeated over and over to be effective (aka rhythmic motor act)

*** Number of neurons is going to vary based on the COMPLEXITY of the act

Breathing –> Pre-Botzinger Complex

Walking –> Spinal Cord

19
Q

Describe the role of the Central Pattern Generator for Walking.

A

Postural control is needed to walk but it is NOT from the CPG (it is from Cortex and Cerebellum)

Control of walking is in the SPINAL CORD (via the CPG)

CPG is responsible for the stepping movements that are involved in walking.

20
Q

Describe the Role of the Cortex for walking.

A

Maintaining Up-Right Posture

*** In most situations, it is used to ACTIVATE the CPG (i.e. we decide to get up and walk)

21
Q

Describe the role of Sensory Feedback in walking.

A

Sensory input to the CPG modifies the OUTPUT of the CPG to adjust the walking motion.

i.e. walking up a hill is different than walking on a flat surface

*** In patients with spinal cord injuries, sensory information can be used to intiate the activity of the CPG.

*** Most important when the motion being perform needs to be MODIFIED

Neuroscience I (Exam 3) (15 decks)

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