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Neurophys II/III > Motor control pt. 3 > Flashcards

Motor control pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What functional division of the autonomic nervous system deals with sudden changes in internal/external environment?

A

Sympathetic

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2
Q

The Sympathetic nervous system controls what three major things?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, exocrine glands.

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3
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibers originate and how far do they span?

A

Cell bodies inside CNS. Intermediolateral horn cells from C8-L2 or L3

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4
Q

What is an example of a neuropeptide that PSN will secrete

A

LHRH

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5
Q

Where do postganglionic sympathetics originate?

A

Paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia

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6
Q

What neuropeptides do postganglionic sympathetic cells release?

A

NPY

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7
Q

How can postganglionic sympathetics regulate their own release of norepinephrine (negative feedback)?

A

Due to alpha 2 adrenoreceptors in SNS terminals. Norepinephrine binds to these receptors, inhibiting norepinephrine release.

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8
Q

What extrinsic substance can inhibit norepinephrine release?

A

Yohimbine (alpha 2 blocker) increases norepinephrine release.

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9
Q

What is sympathocotonia?

A

Increased SNS activity (hyperactive)

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10
Q

What are the determining factors of norepinephrine release from sympathetic terminals?

A

Functional terminals which depend on nerve growth factor.

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11
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A

Disruption of SNS supply to the head. Can also be descending pathways from hypothalamus that control SNS activity.

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12
Q

What are some signs associated with Horner’s syndrome

A

Partial ptosis (drooping of the eyelid due to superior tarsal muscle of the eyelid).

Pupillary constriction

Anhydrosis (inability to sweat due to lack of innervation from cholinergic sympathetics.

Enophthalmos (contraction of the globe due to lack of innervation of smooth muscle).

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13
Q

Where are preganglionic parasympathetic cells located?

A

Located in several cranial nerve nuclei in brain stem:

Edinger-westphal nucleus (III)
Superior salivatory nucleus (VII)
Inferior salivatory nucleus (IX)
Dorsal motor (X) - secretomotor
Nucleus ambiguus (X) - visceromotor (mediates reflex bradycardia).

Intermediolateral regions of S2,3,4.

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14
Q

Where do postganglionic parasympathetics cells originate?

A

Cranial ganglia:

Ciliary ganglion
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Otic ganglion

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15
Q

Where are other postganglionic parasympathetic cells located?

A

Near or inside the visceral walls of organs in thoracic, pelvic and abdominal cavities

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16
Q

The vagus nerve innervates what organs?

A

Lungs, heart, bronchii, liver, pancreas and all of the GI tract from the esophagus to the splenic flexure of the colon.

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17
Q

What is the remained of the colon, rectum, urinary bladder and reproductive organs innervated by?

A

Sacral preganglionic nerves via pelvic nerves, to postganglionic neurons in pelvic ganglia.

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18
Q

How many neurons comprises the enteric nervous system?

A

100 million neurons

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19
Q

T/F:

The enteric nervous system’s activity is modulated by the ANS?

A

True

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20
Q

How is the enteric nervous system modulated by the ANS?

A

Postganglionic SNS primarily from prevertebral ganglion to plexuses in stomach, SI & colon.

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21
Q

What role does NE play in the ANS modulation of enteric nervous system activities?

A

Intestinal motility and contracts sphincters

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22
Q

What role does NE plus NPY play in ANS modulation of enteric nervous system activities?

A

Regulation of blood flow.

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23
Q

What role does NE plus somatostatin play in modulation of enteric nervous system activites?

A

Inhibit intestinal secretion

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24
Q

What nerves send preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to enteric ganglia of stomach, colon and rectum?

A

Vagus and pelvic splanchnic nerves

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25
Q

What functions do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers modulate in the ENS?

A

Increase motility and tone
Relax sphincters
Stimulate secretion

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26
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus (Aurbach’s) located and what does it do?

A

Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. Controls gut motility.

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27
Q

T/F

The myenteric plexus can coordinate peristalsis in intestinal tract that has been removed from the body?

A

True

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28
Q

Excitatory motor neurons of the myenteric plexus release what?

A

Ach and substance P

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29
Q

What do inhibitory motor neurons of the myenteric plexus release?

A

Dynorphin and VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

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30
Q

What does the submucosal plexus regulate?

A

Ion and water transport across the intestinal epithelium. Glandular secretion.

31
Q

What does the submucosal plexus communicate with?

A

The myenteric plexus

32
Q

Visceral afferent fibers accompany what kind of fibers in the autonomic nerves?

A

Motor fibers

33
Q

What component of viscerovisceral and viscerosomatic reflexes (important for homeostasis and adjustment to external stimuli) are visceral afferent fibers responsible for?

A

Afferent limb

34
Q

Many visceral afferents may release neurotransmitters such as _____________

A

Glutamate

35
Q

Visceral afferents can include nociception, which is responsible for what?

A

Visceral pain (distention of hollow viscus).

36
Q

What are 2 examples of cardiovascular autonomic reflexes?

A

Baroreceptor reflex

Bainbridge reflex

37
Q

What GI autonomic reflex occurs upon the smell of food?

A

Parasympathetic release of gastric juices from secretory cells of GI tract.

38
Q

Fecal matter in rectum triggers what autonomic response?

A

Strong peristaltic contractions to empty bowel.

39
Q

What intracellular events take place upon stimulation of postganglionc sympathic fibers?

A

Norepinephrine binds to an alpha or beta receptor which effects a G protein. Ultimately, this causes the membrane to be permeable to Na and Ca.

40
Q

In stimulation of a postganglionic sympathetic nerve, what is the chain of events from NE binding to alpha or beta receptor to the increase in membrane permeability to ions?

A

NE binds to alpha/beta receptor which effects a G protein - + adenyl cyclase - raises cAMP - + protein kinase activity - increases membrane permeability to Na and Ca.

41
Q

What intracellular events take place upon stimulation of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

A

Ach binds to muscarinic receptor which also effects a G protein.

42
Q

What effects to Gi proteins have on adenyl cyclase?

A

Inhibits adenyl cyclase and thus has opposite effects of G proteins.

43
Q

What effect does Symp/Parasmypathetic + have on the eye?

A

P -Constricts pupil
P- Causes contraction of the ciliary muscle increasinglens strength.

S - dilates pupil

44
Q

What effects do P and S + have on glands?

A

P generally stimulate glands, but S + will concentrate secretion by decreasing blood flow

45
Q

What are sweat glands innervated by (P or S)

A

Exclusively S

46
Q

What effects do P and S have on the GI tract?

A

P + while S - (mediated by enteric nervous system).

47
Q

What effects do P and S have on the heart?

A

S + while P -

48
Q

What effects do P and S have on blood vessels?

A

S contricts, P largely absent

49
Q

What effects do P and S have on airway smooth muscle?

A

S dilation, P constriction

50
Q

What effects do P and S have on ducts?

A

S dilation, P constriction

51
Q

What effects do P and S have on the immune system?

A

S inhibits, P ?????

52
Q

Ach gets hydrolyzed by AchE, but what happens to NE?

A

Gets taken up into the nerve terminals
Gets degraded by MAO and COMT
Carried away by blood

53
Q

What is the precursor to dopamine, NE and E?

A

Tyrosine

54
Q

What are the adrenergic receptors?

A

A (1 and 2) and Beta (1 and 2)

55
Q

What are the acetylcholine receptors and where are they found?

A

Muscarinic receptors: found at effector organs.

Nicotinic: found at synaptic terminals between pre and post ganglionic fibers (both S & P).

56
Q

Does NE have a greater affinity for alpha or beta receptors

A

NE has an equal affinity for alpha and beta.

57
Q

Does epinephrine have a greater affinity for alpha or beta receptors?

A

E has a greater affinity for beta receptors.

58
Q

At alpha 1 and 2 receptors, which is more potent, NE or E?

A

Both are equally potent at alpha 1 and 2 receptors.

59
Q

If you upregulate, (increase the population of a receptor type on a cell membrane) or downregulate, what does this do to sensitivity of a NT?

A

Upregulate - Increases the sensitivity of the NT.

Downregulate - decrease the sensitivity of the NT.

60
Q

In primary cultures of postganglionic sympathetic neurons, what will Ach, epinephrine, angiotensin II, corticotropin, PACAP do concerning the release of NE?

A

They will facilitate the release of NE

61
Q

In primary cultures of postganglionic sympathetic neurons, what will GABA, adenosine, somatostatin, NPY, NO, dopamine, opioids, PGE do concerning the release of NE?

A

They will Inhibit the release of NE

62
Q

T/F:

The prior two questions regarding the facilitation/inhibition of NE by certain NTs has been amply observed in vivo

A

False.

63
Q

The ANS is activated and regulated by centers located where?

A

Spinal cord, brain stem, hypothalamus, higher centers (e.g. cerebral cortex, limbic system).

64
Q

T/F:

Autonomic function is regulated by changes in preganglionic SNS or parasympathetic tone, along with neuroendocrine effectors.

A

True

65
Q

T/F:

Nerve fibers project into every organ.

A

True

66
Q

What was the key finding of segmental facilitation?

A

When pressure was applied to spinous processes at segments above or below a lesioned segment, exaggerated responses in the paraspinal musculature adjacent to the lesioned segment would be observed, without any response to the normal segments.

67
Q

In segmental facilitation, exaggerated SNS activity is noted from which parts of the cord?

A

The ventral and intermediolateral horns.

68
Q

Additional studies have demonstrated ___________ at the level of segmental facilitation?

A

Sympathicotonia

69
Q

Sympathicotonia reduces galvanic skin resistance, which is associated with what?

A

Increased sweat gland activity

70
Q

What are the 4 segmental facilitation end points?

A

Red reaction (SNS)
Galvanic skin resistance (SNS)
Increased sweat gland activity (SNS)
EMG (skeletal muscle)

71
Q

The facilitated segment acts as a focusing lens and bombards its targets with ____________

A

Exaggerated neural traffic

72
Q

T/F:

Increased neural segment outflow can result from increased efferent cord traffic only?

A

False. It can result from efferent or afferent cord traffic.

73
Q

Increased segment outflow causes hyperactive SNS activity and _______________

A

Increased local muscle spasm

74
Q

What are the long term effects of segmental facilitation?

A

premature dysfunctions of tissues or organs as the tissue tries to override the effects of the increased SNS activity.

Neurophys II/III (5 decks)

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