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Neurophys II/III > Motor control pt. 2 > Flashcards

Motor control pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neck proprioceptors provide information about the _____________ with respect to the rest of the body.

A

orientation of the head.

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2
Q

Neck proprioceptors project to what two locations?

A

Vestibular nuclei, cerebellum.

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3
Q

How can cervical joint proprioceptors prevent a feeling of malequilibrium?

A

By overriding signals from the vestibular apparatus.

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4
Q

Equilibrium is made up of what 3 kinds of information?

A

Proprioceptive, visual signals, exteroceptive from other parts of the body.

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5
Q

What is benign peroxysmal positional vertigo?

A

Sudden sensation of spinning, usually when moving the head.

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of vertigo?

A

Benign peroxysmal positional vertigo

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7
Q

How does Eply’s maneuver treat vertigo?

A

By allowing the free floating particles in the effected semicircular canal to be relocated to the utricle by means of gravity, where they can no longer stimulate the cupula.

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8
Q

A person’s sense of uprightness is the combination of cues that include what two kinds of information?

A

Visual and vestibular.

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9
Q

T/F:

Vestibular and neck reflexes have the same effects on limb mucles.

A

False; they stimulate opposing actions.

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10
Q

Neck reflexes are stimulated by __________ or __________. Vestibular reflexes are stimulated by changes in __________________

A

Tilting or turning the neck. Position of the head.

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11
Q

What are the 2 major mechanisms of postural adjustments?

A

Anticipatory (feed forward) - predict disturbances. Compensatory (feedback).

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12
Q

How are anticipatory (feed forward) postural adjustments modified?

A

By experience; improves with practice.

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13
Q

How are compensatory (feedback) postural adjustments modified?

A

Evoked by sensory events following loss of balance.

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14
Q

When are vestibular and neck reflexes most pronounced?

A

When the spinal circuits are released from cortical inhibition.

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15
Q

Postural mechanisms receive information from what 4 major places?

A

Cutaneous receptors from skin (esp feet)
Proprioceptors from joints and muscles
Vestibular signals (head motion)
Visual signals.

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16
Q

T/F:

Vestibular and visual signals have a short latency period, while joint/muscle proprioceptors have a generally longer latency period.

A

False; joint and muscle proprioceptors have a short latency (70-100 ms) while vestibular and visual signals both have 2x greater than muscle/joint proprioceptors.

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17
Q

In sway, contraction of muscles to maintain balance occur in what sequence?

A

Distal to proximal. (e.g. Forward sway - gastroc-ham-paraspinals. Backward sway - tib, quad, abd).

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18
Q

Pattern of contraction elicited by a stimulus is dependent upon what two factors?

A

Experience and expectation.

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19
Q

Responses that stabilize posture are ____________, while responses that destabilize posture __________.

A

Facilitated. Adapt.

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20
Q

Extension of the neck would stimulate what limb mucles

A

Extensors of arms/legs.

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21
Q

Flexion of the neck would stimulate what limb muscles?

A

Flexors of arms/legs.

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22
Q

What effect would tonic neck reflexes have on limb muscles with rotation or lateral bending?

A

+ extensors ipsilateral, + flexors contralateral. Stimulation = facilitation.

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23
Q

The basal ganglia connects to _____________ via the ________________.

A

Cortex, thalamus.

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24
Q

What are the 3 input nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate
Putamen (striatum = caudate + putamen).
Nucleus accumbens

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25
Q

What are the 4 output nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Globus pallidus (external segment)
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
Ventral tegmental area

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26
Q

Besides the input and output nuclei, the basal ganglia has 4 principal nuclei, what are they?

A

Striatum (caudate + putamen)
Globus pallidus (internal and external)
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

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27
Q

T/F:

The basal ganglia have direct input and output connection with the spinal cord.

A

False.

28
Q

What mediates the motor functions of the basal ganglia?

A

The motor areas of the cortex.

29
Q

What are the 3 characteristic types of motor motor disturbances?

A

Tremor and other involuntary movements
Changes in posture and muscle tone
Poverty and slowness of movement

30
Q

What are the 2 major circuits of the BG?

A

Caudate circuit, Putamen circuit.

31
Q

What BG circuit plays a major role in cognitive control of motor activity?

A

Caudate circuit (caudate nucleus)

32
Q

Which BG circuit deals with subconscious execution of learned patterns of movement?

A

Putamen circuit.

33
Q

What is Athetosis and what does it cause?

A

Lesion in the globus pallidus causing spontaneous and continuous writhing movements.

34
Q

What is a Hemiballismus, and what does it cause?

A

Lesion in the subthalamus causing sudden violent flailing movements of a limb.

35
Q

What is Chorea and what does it cause?

A

Multiple small lesions in putamen causing flicking movements in hands, face, etc.

36
Q

Rigidity, akinesia and resting tremors are all associated with problems what aspect of the BG?

A

Substantia nigra.

37
Q

What are the 4 re-entrance loops in the BG?

A
  1. ) Neocortex - basal ganglia - thalamus - frontal cortex
  2. ) External GP - subthalamic nucleus - both internal and external GP.
  3. ) Striatum (GABA) - substantia nigra (dopamine) - striatum.
  4. ) Striatum - GP - centromedial N. of thalamus - striatum.
38
Q

What does cerebellum mean?

A

Little brain

39
Q

How much of the brain’s weight does the cerebellum make up? How much of the brain’s neurons does it represent?

A

10% brain’s weight. 1/2 of all neurons in the brain.

40
Q

What systems are mapped in the cerebellum?

A

Sensory and motor

41
Q

T/F:

Complete destruction of the cerebellum would cause major sensory impairment and loss in muscle strength.

A

False;

No sensory impairment or loss in muscle strength is associated with destruction of the cerebellum to any degree.

42
Q

How does the cerebellum play a crucial, indirect role in movement and posture?

A

By adjusting the output of the major descending motor systems.

43
Q

What area makes up the vestibulocerebellum? What are it’s input and output? What does it do?

A

The flocculonodular lobe.
Input - vestibular nuclei
Output - vestibular nuclei
Governs eye movement and body equilibrium.

44
Q

What structures make up the spinocerebellum ? What are it’s input and output? What does it do?

A

Vermis and intermediate
Input - periphery and spinal cord
Output - cortex
Major role in movement, influencing descending motor systems.

45
Q

What makes up the cerebrocerebellum? What are it’s input and outputs? What does it do?

A

The lateral zone
Input - pontine N.
Output - pre and motor cortex.

Planning and initiation of movement and extramotor prediction. Mental rehearsal of complex motor actions.
Conscious assessment of movement errors.

46
Q

What are the major efferent cells in the cerebellar cortex?

A

Perkinje cells

47
Q

What are the major inhibitory cells of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Perkinje cells

48
Q

Perkinje cell axons project to and inhibit what?

A

The deep cerebellar nuclei.

49
Q

What are the two major output signals of perkinje fibers?

A

Complex AP from climbing fiber input from inferior olivary nucleus (1:1 ratio of climbing fibers to perkinje cells).

Simple AP from mossy fiber input via granule cell +

50
Q

T/F:

One mossy fibers stimulates one perkinje cell.

A

False;

One mossy fibers stimulates hundreds to thousands of perkinje cells.

51
Q

Mossy fiber input is from everywhere except ____________

A

Inferior olivary nucleus

52
Q

In cerebellar hemispheric circuitry (CHC) impulses from the motor cortex go where?

A

To pontine N.

53
Q

In CHC impulses from purkinje cells go where?

A

Dentate N.

54
Q

In CHC impulses from Dentate N. go where?

A

Red N.

55
Q

In CHC, impulses from Red N. go where?

A

Thalamus

56
Q

In CHC, impulses from Thalamus go where?

A

Motor cortex

57
Q

Which pathway of the CHC closes the loop?

A

Thalamus –> Motor cortex.

58
Q

What is the name of the entire megapathway of the CHC?

A

Corticopontocerebellorubrothalamocorticospinal pathway.

59
Q

What is the role of the inferior olivary nucleus?

A

Acts as a comparator, comparing intention with performance.

60
Q

The inferior olivary nucleus affects the cerebellum via what input?

A

Climbing fiber input.

61
Q

If intention matches performance, what happens to climbing fiber activity?

A

No change in climbing fiber activity.

62
Q

Brain structures concerned with programming and movement send what kind of information to the cerebellum? What are examples of this information?

A

Sends info about plans for movement. Corollary discharge/internal feedback.

63
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive info about motor performance? When does it receive this information?

A

From peripheral feedback during course of movement.

64
Q

What does the cerebellum do when it receives this info about motor performance?

A

Compares central info with actual motor response.

65
Q

The cerebellum projects to descending motor systems via what?

A

The cortex

66
Q

Who coined the term “homeostasis” and what other concept did this person coin at the same time?

A

Walter Cannon (1932), negative feedback.

Neurophys II/III (5 decks)

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