Motor Control: Postural Control

Question 1

Controlling the body’s position is space for stability and orientation is called _____.

Answer 1

Postural Control

Question 2

There is no universal definition of _____ and _____.

Answer 2

Posture and balance

Question 3

Postural control emerges from interaction of _____ with _____,

Answer 3

Individual with task

Question 4

Postural control is a complex interaction of _____ and _____ systems.

Answer 4

Musculoskeletal and neural

Question 5

Postural control is critical to independence in _____.

Answer 5

Functional tasks

Question 6

The ability to maintain relationship between body segments and between body and environment for a task is _____.

Answer 6

Postural orientation

Question 7

The ability to control the center of mass in relation to the base of support is _____.

Answer 7

Postural stability

Question 8

The center of distribution of total force applied to a supporting surface is the _____.

Answer 8

Center of pressure

Question 9

The _____ always remains within the base of support.

Answer 9

Center of pressure

Question 10

The _____ moves continuously around the _____ to kep it within the base of support.

Answer 10

Center of pressure moves around the center of mass

Question 11

_____ provides better insight into stability than on their own.

Answer 11

The relationship between COM and COP

Question 12

_____ tasks require postural control.

Answer 12

All tasks

Question 13

_____ and _____ influence orientation and stability demands of a task.

Answer 13

Task and environment

Question 14

_____ is the boundary of space in which the body can maintain control without changing base of support.

Answer 14

Limits of stability

Question 15

_____ is the point at which you change your posture or movement to alter your stance to acheive stability.

Answer 15

Limits of stability

Question 16

Your limits of stability are generally in the shape of a _____.

Answer 16

Cone

Question 17

_____ occurs in response to sensory feedback from external perturbation.

Answer 17

Feedback control

Question 18

_____ relies on feedback control.

Answer 18

Reactive balance

Question 19

_____ is when anticipatory postural adjustments are made in anticipation of a voluntary movement.

Answer 19

Feedforward control

Question 20

_____ relies on feedforward control.

Answer 20

Proactive balance

Question 21

_____ can minimize the effects of gravitational forces.

Answer 21

Body alignment

Question 22

_____ keeps body from collapsing in response to the pull of gravity.

Answer 22

Muscle tone

Question 23

_____ and _____ of the center of mass need to be considered when assessing limits of stability.

Answer 23

Position and velocity

Question 24

Limits of stability can be affected by ______ and _____ factors.

Answer 24

Perceptual and cognitive factors

Question 25

_____ and _____ strategies are fixed support strategies for reactive balance control.

Answer 25

Ankle and hip

Question 26

_____ and _____ strategies are change in support strategies for reactive balance control.

Answer 26

Stepping and reach to grasp strategies

Question 27

_____ is functional coupling of groups of muscles constrained to act together as a unit.

Answer 27

Synergy

Question 28

In general, anteroposterior stability requires _____ strategies to maintain stability.

Answer 28

Fixed support

Question 29

In general, mediolateral and multidirectional stability requires _____ to recover stability.

Answer 29

Activation of forces at different joints and in different directions

Question 30

Postural synergies are not _____.

Answer 30

fixed, stereotypical reactions

Question 31

Postural synergies are _____ and _____ in response to changing demands in task and environement.

Answer 31

Refined and tuned

Question 32

_____ are movements in response to task demands.

Answer 32

Adaptation

Question 33

Recovery of stability in sitting is controlled similarly to that in _____.

Answer 33

Stance

Question 34

Individual muscles change their relative activation depending on _____.

Answer 34

Direction of instability

Question 35

Muscle response to loss of balance is ____ in sitting compared to standing.

Answer 35

Faster

Question 36

CNS uses _____ in controlling action for proactive balance control.

Answer 36

Anticipatory processes

Question 37

Proactive balance control is critical to _____ activities.

Answer 37

Lower extremity activities

Question 38

_____ anticipates voluntary movement.

Answer 38

Postural activity

Question 39

_____ activate before the primary mover to stabilize.

Answer 39

Postural muscles

Question 40

Anticipatory postural responses are based on _____.

Answer 40

Prior experience

Question 41

Anticipatory postural responses are modified by _____ and _____.

Answer 41

Expectation and practice

Question 42

Organization of anticipatory postural adjustments in sitting varies as function of _____ and _____.

Answer 42

task demands and environmental characteristics

Question 43

Anticipatory postural muscle activity _____ as base of support _____.

Answer 43

decreases as base of support increases

Question 44

Anticipatory postural muscle activity _____ as the task load _____.

Answer 44

increases as the task load increases

Question 45

The orientation component of postural control occurs from _____.

Answer 45

Spinal contributions

Question 46

Tonic activation of extensor muscles is used for the ______ of postural control.

Answer 46

Orientation component

Question 47

Directionally specific responses to perturbations occur at the _____.

Answer 47

Spinal cord level

Question 48

Regulation of postural tone and automatic postural synergies is controlled by the _____.

Answer 48

Brainstem

Question 49

Nuclei for processing vestibular inputs to postural control are located in the _____.

Answer 49

Brainstem

Question 50

Regulation of anticipatory postural control occurs in the _____.

Answer 50

Brainstem

Question 51

_____ controls adaptation of postural responses.

Answer 51

Cerebellum

Question 52

_____ controls postural set and can quickly change reactive balance muscle patterns in response to changing task and environment.

Answer 52

Basal ganglia

Question 53

The _____ and _____ of the COM is important for defining stability limits in steady state balance control.

Answer 53

Position and velocity

Question 54

_____ is the ability of the CNS to modify importance of any one sense for postural control.

Answer 54

Sensory integration

Question 55

_____ is critical to maintain steady state balance in changing sensory environments and task conditions.

Answer 55

Sensory reweighting

Question 56

The _____ model is the idea that the CNS modifies the importance of a sensory input depending on it's relative accuracy for orientation.

Answer 56

Sensory weighting model

Question 57

_____ inputs are preferential when controlling body sway during imbalance caused by rapid displacements of support surface.

Answer 57

Somatosensory

Question 58

Contribution of _____ smaller than _____ for sensory inputs for reactive balance.

Answer 58

Vestibular smaller than somatosensory

Question 59

_____ information provides critical information about the task and environment and determines the nature of anticipatory postural adjustments.

Answer 59

Visual information

Question 59

_____ input is important for reactive balance when eyes closed and standing on an upward incline.

Answer 59

Vestibular

Question 60

Performance of secondary task has a _____ effect on postural control.

Answer 60

Not always detrimental effect

Question 61

It is important to train performance on _____ and _____ of the dual task.

Answer 61

Cognitive and motor task

Question 62

_____, _____, _____, and _____ systems contribute to postural control.

Answer 62

Visual, vestibular, somatosensory, and cognitive systems