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Physiology Exam 2 > Motor Control (Part 2) > Flashcards

Motor Control (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?

A

Sudden sensation of spinning, usually when moving the head (most common cause of vertigo)

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2
Q

What technique is commonly used to cure vertigo?

A

Epley’s maneuver

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3
Q

How does the Epley’s maneuver cure vertigo?

A

The free floating particles from the affected semicircular canals are relocated using gravity back into the utricle where they can no longer stimulate the cupula

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4
Q

What is the success rate of the Epley’s maneuver?

A

90-95%

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5
Q

One’s sense of being upright is a combination of what two things?

A

Visual and vestibular information

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6
Q

What triggers vestibular reflexes?

A

Changes in the position of the head

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7
Q

What triggers neck reflexes?

A

Tilting or turning of the neck

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8
Q

Which major mechanism of postural adjustments are associated with the “feed forward” idea?

A

Anticipatory

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9
Q

Which major mechanism of postural adjustments are associated with the “feedback” idea?

A

Compensatory

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10
Q

Which major mechanism of postural adjustments are modified by experience and improves with practice?

A

Anticipatory

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11
Q

Which major mechanism of postural adjustments are evoked by sensory events following loss of balance?

A

Compensatory

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12
Q

Which major mechanism of postural adjustments is faster?

A

Anticipatory

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13
Q

Which major mechanism of postural adjustments is slower?

A

Compensatory

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14
Q

Sensory input for postural mechanisms comes from what four things?

A

Cutaneous receptors from the skin (especially feet), proprioceptors from joints and muscles, vestibular signals (head motion), and visual signals

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15
Q

Which two areas of input for postural mechanisms have longer latency effects?

A

Vestibular and visual signals

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16
Q

Which area of input for postural mechanisms has a short latency period?

A

Proprioceptors from joints and muscles (70-100ms)

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17
Q

In what sequence does contraction of muscles to maintain balance occur?

A

Distal to proximal

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18
Q

What is the order of muscular contraction for forward sway in chronological order?

A

Gastrocnemius, hamstring, paraspinals

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19
Q

What is the order of muscular contraction for backward sway in chronological order?

A

Anterior tibs, quadriceps, abdominal muscles

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20
Q

When rotating or laterally bending, which extensors and flexors are facilitated?

A

Ipsilateral extensors, contralateral flexors

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21
Q

Which two basal ganglia make up the striatum?

A

Caudate and putamen

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22
Q

What are the three input nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens

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23
Q

What are the four output nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Globus pallidus (external segment), subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area

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24
Q

What are the four principle nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus (internal and external), substantial nigra, and subthalamic nucleus

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25
Q

Do the basal ganglia have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord?

A

NO

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26
Q

What mediates the motor functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Motor areas of the cortex

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27
Q

Disorders involving the basal ganglia can have what three types of motor disturbances?

A

Tremor & other involuntary moments; changes in posture & muscle tone; poverty & slowness of movement

28
Q

Through what structure do both major circuits of the basal ganglia relay their information?

A

Thalamus

29
Q

The caudate nucleus plays a major role in what part of motor activity?

A

Cognitive control

30
Q

The putamen circuit focuses on what aspect of movement?

A

Subconcious execution of learned patterns

31
Q

What are the two major circuits of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate and putamen circuits

32
Q

Where is the lesion located in athetosis?

A

Globus pallidus

33
Q

What is athetosis?

A

Spontaneous and continuous writhing movements

34
Q

Where is the lesion located in hemiballismus?

A

Subthalamus

35
Q

What is hemiballismus?

A

Sudden violent flailing moments of a limb

36
Q

Where are the multiple small lesions located with chorea?

A

Putamen

37
Q

What is chorea?

A

Flicking movements in hands, face, etc.

38
Q

Where is the lesion located with rigidity, akinesia, and resting tremors such as those found with Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Substantia nigra

39
Q

What is the reentrance loop cycle for the basal ganglia beginning in the neocortex?

A

Neocortex to basal ganglia to thalamus to frontal cortex

40
Q

What is the reentrance loop cycle for the basal ganglia beginning in the external globus pallidus?

A

Globus pallidus to subthalamic nucleus to both internal and external globus pallidus

41
Q

What is the reentrance loop cycle for the basal ganglia beginning in the striatum involving neurotransmitters?

A

Striatum (GABA) to substantia nigra (dopamine) to striatum

42
Q

What is the reentrance loop cycle for the basal ganglia beginning in the striatum?

A

Striatum to globus pallidus to centromedial nucleus of thalamus to straitum

43
Q

Which three reentrance loops of the basal ganglia are subcortical?

A

All but the one beginning in the neocortex

44
Q

What does cerebellum mean?

A

“little brain”

45
Q

The cerebellum makes up what percentage of the weight of the total brain?

A

10%

46
Q

About what percentage of neurons of the brain lie in the cerebellum?

A

Greater than 50%

47
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum in regards to movement and posture?

A

Adjusts the output of the major descending motor systems

48
Q

What happens to sensation and muscle strength if the cerebellum is completely destroyed?

A

No sensory impairment and no loss in muscle strength

49
Q

What parts of the cerebellum makes up the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Flocculonodular

50
Q

What parts of the cerebellum make up the spinocerebellum?

A

Vermis and intermediate

51
Q

What parts of the cerebellum make up the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Lateral zone

52
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Governs eye movement and body equilibrium

53
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

Major role in movement, influencing descending motor systems

54
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Planning and initiation of movement and extractor prediction, mental rehearsal of complex motor actions, conscious assessment of movement errors

55
Q

What is the input and output of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Vestibular nuclei, vestibular nuclei

56
Q

What is the input and output of the spinocerebellum?

A

Periphery and spinal cord, cortex

57
Q

What is the input and output of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Pontine nucleus, pre and motor cortexes

58
Q

Do lesions of the cerebellum yield ipsilateral or contralateral effects?

A

Ipsilateral

59
Q

What is the major inhibitory cell in the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cells

60
Q

Where do Purkinje cells project to?

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

61
Q

What is the ratio of climbing fibers to Purkinje cells?

A

1:1

62
Q

What is the ratio between mossy fibers and Purkinje cells?

A

1 mossy fiber excites hundreds to thousands of Pukinje cells

63
Q

What is the climbing fiber input?

A

Inferior olivary nucleus

64
Q

What is the mossy fiber input?

A

Everywhere else except the inferior olivary nucleus

65
Q

A complex action potential generated by a Purkinje cell involves which type of fiber?

A

Climbing

66
Q

A simple action potential generated by a Purkinje cell involves which type of fiber?

A

Mossy

Physiology Exam 2 (2 decks)

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