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Physiology Exam 2 > Motor Control (Part 1) > Flashcards

Motor Control (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

More than half of the somatotopic primary motor cortex controls what two things?

A

Hands & speech

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2
Q

To which two areas are projections made from the premotor area?

A

Primary motor cortex and basal ganglia

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3
Q

The supplemental motor area works with which other area to provide its movements?

A

Premotor area

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4
Q

What movements are provided by the supplemental motor area?

A

Attitudinal movements, fixation movements, positional moments of the head and eyes, background for finer motor control of arms/hands

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5
Q

The majority (60%) of the corticospinal tract originates from where?

A

Premotor and supplemental areas

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6
Q

Which part of the corticospinal tract’s fibers cross midline?

A

Lateral

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7
Q

Which part of the corticospinal tract’s fibers stay ipsilateral?

A

Ventral (Anterior)

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8
Q

Which spinal tract descends via the posterior limb of the internal capsule between the caudate and putamen?

A

Corticospinal

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9
Q

Which spinal tract forms the pyramids of the medulla?

A

Corticospinal

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10
Q

Spinal preparation exhibits what type of change?

A

Flaccidity (flaccid or floppy paralysis)

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11
Q

Decerebrate preparation exhibits what type of change?

A

Decerebrate rigidity

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12
Q

Decorticate preparation exhibits what type of change?

A

Decorticate spasticity

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13
Q

Which type of transection involves all tracts being cut and the cord completely being isolated from the brain?

A

Spinal preparation

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14
Q

Which type of transection occurs at the mid collicular level?

A

Decerebrate preparation

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15
Q

Which type of transection is a destruction of the cerebral cortex?

A

Decorticate spasticity

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16
Q

With which type of transection are extensors tonically hyperactive?

A

Decerebrate preparation

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17
Q

What is tonically excited with a decorticate preparation?

A

Upper areas of the reticular formation that are no longer under inhibitory cortical influence (release phenomenon)

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18
Q

What is a visual example found in humans of decorticate spasticity?

A

Hemiplegic side after stroke

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19
Q

Decorticate spasticity is responsible for what percentage of intracerebral hemorrhages?

A

60%

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20
Q

What can occur with the small arteries in the internal capsule during decorticate spasticity?

A

Rupture or thrombosis

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21
Q

Which type of transection experimental procedure is useful for the study of reflexes?

A

Decerebration

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22
Q

Where is the transection of the midbrain usually?

A

Intercollicular level

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23
Q

What is lost with decerebration?

A

Sensation

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24
Q

What is interrupted with decerebration?

A

Cortical descending pathways

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25
Q

What remains intact with decerebration?

A

Brain stem control

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26
Q

What type of reflexes are suppressed with decerebration?

A

Flexion

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27
Q

What type of reflexes are exaggerated with decerebration?

A

Stretch

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28
Q

How are stretch reflexes exaggerated with decerebration?

A

Selective excitation of gamma motor neurons

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29
Q

What is the prognosis of a patient with brainstem damage signs of decerebration?

A

Poor

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30
Q

What occurs initially with a spinal cord transection?

A

All cord functions including spinal reflexes are depressed

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31
Q

When do the spinal cord neurons tend to gradually regain excitability following a spinal cord transection?

A

Days to weeks

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32
Q

What can possibly occur when spinal cord neurons regain excitability after a spinal cord transection?

A

Hyperactivity

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33
Q

What is a mass reflex?

A

Spinal cord becoming excessively active

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34
Q

In spinal shock, what happens to the blood pressure?

A

Falls dramatically

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35
Q

In spinal shock, what happens to all skeletal muscle reflexes integrated in the cord?

A

Blocked

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36
Q

What happens specifically to the control of bladder and colon evacuation during spinal shock?

A

Suppressed control

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37
Q

What do the pontine reticular nuclei stimulate?

A

Axial trunk and extensor muscles that support the body against gravity

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38
Q

From where do the pontine reticular nuclei receive stimulation?

A

Vestibular nuclei and deep nuclei of the cerebellum

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39
Q

Through which tract are excitatory signals transmitted from the pontine reticular nuclei?

A

Pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract

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40
Q

What do the medullary reticular nuclei inhibit?

A

Axial trunk and extensor muscles that support the body against gravity

41
Q

Through which tract are inhibitory signals transmitted from the medullary reticular nuclei?

A

Medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract

42
Q

From where do the medullary reticular nuclei receive input?

A

Cortex, red nucleus, and other motor pathways

43
Q

What does the medullary reticular nuclei do in reference to the pontine reticular nuclei?

A

Counterbalance its excitatory signals

44
Q

What effect on tone do the medullary reticular nuclei have?

A

Enables increase or decrease depending on function needing to be performed

45
Q

Is the ventral corticospinal tract ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

46
Q

Are the reticulospinal tracts ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

47
Q

Are the vestibulospinal tracts ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

48
Q

Which descending tracts originate from the lateral vestibular nucleus to mainly extensors?

A

Vestibulospinal

49
Q

Is the lateral corticospinal tract ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Contralateral

50
Q

Is the rubrospinal tract ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Contralateral

51
Q

Is the tectospinal tract ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Contralateral

52
Q

Which descending tract innervates mainly flexors?

A

Rubrospinal

53
Q

Which descending tract innervates cervical musculature only?

A

Tectospinal

54
Q

Which descending tract involves superior colliculus-orienting reactions?

A

Tectospinal

55
Q

Which two tracts are found in the lateral aspect of the spinal cord?

A

Lateral corticospinal and rubrospinal

56
Q

Which descending tract controls more distal muscles of the limbs?

A

Rubrospinal

57
Q

Stimulation of about how many pyramidal cells are necessary to achieve muscle contraction?

A

50-100

58
Q

Which type of pyramidal cell signal is excessively excited at the onset of contraction to initiate muscle contraction?

A

Dynamic

59
Q

Which type of pyramidal cell signal fires at a slower rate to maintain contraction?

A

Static

60
Q

Signals for movement output to the premotor cortex directly and indirectly via what two structures?

A

Basal ganglia and cerebrocerebellum

61
Q

What is the execution pathway of voluntary movement as corticospinal projections?

A

Premotor cortex to primary motor cortex to spinal cord

62
Q

Where can signals from the primary motor cortex all go to during the execution phase of voluntary movement?

A

Spinocerebellum

63
Q

Feedback from the periphery during the execution phase of voluntary movement passes through what structure to get back to the primary motor cortex?

A

Spinocerebellum

64
Q

What is a major factor in postural control?

A

Variation of threshold of spinal stretch reflexes

65
Q

What are the three types of postural reflexes?

A

Vestibular, tonic neck, and righting

66
Q

What is the vestibular apparatus?

A

Organ that detects sensations of equilibrium

67
Q

What makes up the vestibular apparatus?

A

Semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule

68
Q

Where is the vestibular apparatus located?

A

In the petrous portion of the temporal bone

69
Q

What information does the vestibular apparatus provide?

A

Positional and information on the movement of the head in space

70
Q

What actions does the vestibular apparatus aid with?

A

Maintaining body balance and helping coordinate movements

71
Q

What is the sensory part of both the utricle and saccule?

A

Macula

72
Q

What is imbedded in the gelatinous layer of the macula in the vestibular apparatus?

A

Small calcium carbonate crystals

73
Q

What causes the depolarization or hyper polarization of the macula in the vestibular apparatus?

A

Directional sensitivity of hair cells

74
Q

What does the macula of the vestibular apparatus sense?

A

Orientation of the head with respect to gravity and linear acceleration

75
Q

Which macula lies mainly in the horizontal plane?

A

Utricle

76
Q

Which macula lies mainly in the vertical plane?

A

Saccule

77
Q

Which macula is important in determining orientation of the head when the person is upright?

A

Utricle

78
Q

Which macula is important in determining orientation of the head when the person is lying down?

A

Saccule

79
Q

As the head begins to rotate, what is stimulated in the vestibular apparatus?

A

Semicircular canals

80
Q

What is the sensory organ of rotation located in the semicircular canals?

A

Crista ampullaris

81
Q

What is the loose gelatinous tissue mass on top of the crust ampullaris?

A

Cupula

82
Q

In what direction do the three pairs of semicircular canals lie in reference to one another?

A

Bilaterally at 90 degrees to one another (anterior, horizontal, and posterior)

83
Q

What are the three pairs of semicircular canals in reference to planes?

A

Right anterior and left posterior, right and left horizontal, left anterior and right posterior

84
Q

What type of fluid and ions fill the semicircular canals?

A

Endolymph, K+

85
Q

What happens to the endolymph in the semicircular canals when the head begins to rotate?

A

Begins to lag behind and bend the cupula

86
Q

The recapture potential generator from head rotation and the endolymph in the semicircular canals alters the firing rate of which cranial nerve?

A

VIII

87
Q

To where does cranial nerve VIII project?

A

Vestibular nuclei

88
Q

What two things do the semicircular canals detect?

A

Rotational acceleration and deceleration

89
Q

After rotation, what happens to the firing rate of cranial nerve VIII?

A

Opposite effect occurs (ex. when you are rotating left and stop, you feel like you’re going to the right briefly afterward)

90
Q

Right or clockwise rotation will stimulate which semicircular canal?

A

Right (always symmetrical)

91
Q

Stimulation of semicircular canals is associated with increased tone of which muscles?

A

Extensors on the same side

92
Q

Stimulation of semicircular canals is associated with what condition?

A

Nystagmus (specifically the slow component)

93
Q

The vestibular nuclei make connections with which three cranial nerves?

A

III, IV, and VIII (along with the cerebellum)

94
Q

What is the slow component of nystagmus?

A

The tracking that can be initiated by the semicircular canals

95
Q

What is the fast component of nystagmus?

A

The jumping ahead to a new focal spot initiated by brainstem nuclei

96
Q

What part of the cerebellum do the semicircular canals work closely with?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

97
Q

What are extra factors of equilibrium that can provide information about the orientation of the head with the rest of the body?

A

Neck proprioceptors, visual signals

98
Q

To where do neck proprioceptors project?

A

Vestibular nucleus and cerebellum

99
Q

How can the prevention of a feeling of malequilibrium occur?

A

Cervical joint proprioceptors can override signals from the vestibular apparatus

Physiology Exam 2 (2 decks)

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