Motor control/learning

Question 1

What is motor control?

Answer 1

Is an area of study dealing with the understanding of the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement. Movements are driven by closed (feedback) and open (feedback) motor programs

Question 2

List the motor control stages sequence

Answer 2

1. Stimulus
2. Identification
3. Response Selection
4. Response Programming
5. Movement output

Question 3

List the three motor control theories

Answer 3

Reflex Theory, Hierarchical theory, and systems theory

Question 4

Reflex Theory

• Created by who?
• What type of sequence?
• How many primary limitations?

Answer 4

• Sir Charles Sherrington
• Stimulus-response sequence
• 3 primary limitations

Question 5

Hierarchical Theory

• Created by…?
• Top-down or Down-top CNS progression?
• How many levels of control?

Answer 5

• Hughlings Jackson
• Top-down CNS progression
• 3 primary levels of control

Question 6

Systems Theory

• Created by…?
• What type of model of control?
• ______ of freedom

Answer 6

• Nokolai Bernstein
• Distributed model of control
• Degrees of freedom

Question 7

What is motor learning?

Answer 7

A set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior and is highly dependent upon patient familiarity and past experience with the task

Question 8

List the 3 motor learning stages

Answer 8

Cognitive - what
Associative - how
Autonomous- success

Question 9

Motor learning theories (2)

Answer 9

Closed-loop motor learning theory

Schema motor learning theory

Question 10

Closed-loop motor learning theory

Answer 10

Closed-loop system using perceptual trace and reference for correctness

Question 11

Schema motor learning theory

Answer 11

• slow movements are feedback-based

- fast movements are program-based

Question 12

Recovery of Motor Function (2)

Answer 12

1. Spontaneous Recovery
   
   • diaschisis
2. Function-Induced Recovery
   
   • vicariance
   • redundancy
   • functional re-organization/substitution

Question 13

Clinical Applications of Motor Learning (7)

Answer 13

Clinical sequencing
Clinical measurements
Clinical intervention philosophies
Strategy development
Feedback
Feedback schedules
Practice

Question 14

Clinical Sequencing (4)

Answer 14

Mobility
Stability
controlled mobility
skill

Question 15

Clinical Measurements (4)

Answer 15

Performance
Retention and retention interval
Generalizability
Resistance to contextual change

Question 16

Clinical Intervention Philosophies

Answer 16

Compensatory training

Neuromotor development training
-NDT & PNF

Task-specific training
-motor learning/task-oriented learning

Question 17

Strategy Development (3)

Answer 17

Guidance
Active decision making
Strategy refinement

Question 18

Feedback

Answer 18

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

• knowledge of results (KR)
• knowledge of performance (KP)

Question 19

Feedback Schedules (4)

Answer 19

Summed feedback (e.g., after every other trial)
Faded feedback (given less as progress is made)
Bandwidth feedback (outside given error range)
Delayed feedback (after 3 sec. delay)

Question 20

Practice (7)

Answer 20

Massed vs. distributed practice
Blocked vs. random practice
Practice order: blocked, serial, random
Mental practice/ motor imagery
Part vs. whole task practice
Transference of learning (bilateral transfer)
Closed vs. open environments

Question 21

According to Hubbard et al, task-specific training should include all of the following

Answer 21

faded feedback
breaking tasks into their component parts
activities that are extrinsically relevant to the patient context-specific motor tasks
variety of practice environments

Question 22

According to Hubbard et al, task-specific training is associated with all of the following

Answer 22

neuroplasticity
passive manual therapy
treatments focused on functional activity versus impairment

Question 23

According to Hubbard et al, task-specific training:

Answer 23

a. is only intended for stroke patients
b. should not include randomly assigned tasks
c. is anecdotal due to the lack of empirical research

Question 24

According to Dickstein and Deutsch, an example of external motor imagery (MI) training is:

Answer 24

imagining how the movement will look

Question 25

According to Dickstein and Deutsch, motor imagery (MI) training should be:

Answer 25

a. limited to 15 minutes or less for stroke patient’s
b. detailed and oriented towards the visual or kinesthetic aspects of the task
c. encouraged in neurologically impaired patients before attempting a challenging motor task

Question 26

According to Dickstein and Deutsch, motor imagery (MI) training is dependent upon:

Answer 26

a. motivation
b. working memory
c. familiarity with task

Question 27

According to Dickstein and Deutsch, motor imagery (MI) training:

Answer 27

appears to be reasonably effective in most individuals