Motor Control Flashcards
What is Motor Control
How the CNS is organized so individual muscles and joints become coordinated.
How sensory info from environment and/or the body is used to control movement and plan an action.
Movement emerges from: *
TIE:
Task
Individual
Environment
The individual generates movements to do a task in a specific environment.
Open Movement tasks: Meaning, in stablity/non-moving BOS, in mobility/ moving BOS
Task is ever changing and unpredictable with constant monitoring of sensory system and altering motor plan. ex: soccer
Stability: sitting/standing on a rocker board/foam.
Mobility: walking on uneven or moving surface
Closed Movement tasks: Meaning, in stablity/non-moving BOS, in mobility/ moving BOS
Tasks fixed in predicatable environment. Requires less constant sensory monitoring.
Stability: sitting/standing on nonmoving surface.
Mobility: walking on nonmoving surface.
Environment attributes divided into (2)
Regulatory features and non-regulatory features
Regulatory features affects and examples
Affects the performance
Ex: size, shape, weight of a cup to be picked up and type of surface which we walk
Non-regulatory features affects and examples
Affects performance on a small margin.
Ex: background noise
Movement emerges from The Individual: 3 systems…
Motor/action systems
Cognitive systems
Sensory/perceptual systems
Motor/Action systems: What systems (2), includes, “Degrees of freedom problem”
Neuromuscular and biomechanical system used for functional movement control.
Strength, balance, coordination, range of motion.
“Degrees of freedom problem”: # joints and muscles that muscles be controlled
Cognitive system: Includes… Relates to…
Includes attention, planning, problem solving, motivation.
Must relate to patient’s goals.
Relate to perception and action
Sensory/ perceptual systems: Essential for…
Perception integrates sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information.
Essential to control of functional movement.
Ex: perception of balance which covers the relationship of the ability to use your muscles for balance
“What and where” pathways for vision
Striate cortex
Carbon Monoxide poisoned patients: with affected “what” pathway so they cant recognize size/shape of object. Able to guide hand at the objects. What does that mean?
All sensory systems have a distinct “what” and “where” pathways. Our perception of info is different than using that info for action.
Motor Programming Theories on Motor Control:
CNS is a reacting system?
What are CPGs?
What are stored as motor programs?
CNS ISNT a system that reacts, but sensory input modulates activity.
Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) - specific neural circuit that are hardwired for stereotypical movement like walking.
Concepts can be stored as a motor program.
Motor programming theories on Motor Control: Limitations and Clinical Implications
Limitation: Does not account for muscles and environmental changes. ex: Motor program is sent to do elbow flexion, with or without weight. But there must be a modification.
Implication: Cannot reeducate specific muscles for a task but must do the task in order to engage motor programming.
Systems theories on Motor Control: What systems and forces looked at? Levels are controlled? How does it act as a unit?
Looks at both neural AND mechanical components of control (both internal and external forces).
The higher level controls the lower levels, the lower levels control synergies.
Synergies acts as a unit instead of individual muscles.
Systems Theory on Motor Control: LE flexion and extension synergies muscles… , what must happen to have one synergy program move to another? , patterns are learned by releasing…
LE flexion synergies- df, knee flexion, hip flexion
LE extension synergies- pf , knee extension, hip extension
“Control parameter” ex: velocity changes makes a walk into a run
Degrees of freedom
Variability in systems theory: VS motor programming theory, when is it needed (3)
It is normal unlike motor programming
Needed for the system to be more flexible, reduce repetitive strain injuries, and to transition to learn a new movement pattern
System theories of Motor Control: Limitation and Clinical Implications
Limitation: Nervous system has a less important role.
Implications: Must look at the mechanical and neural component of movement, interactions with environment (pt. walk slower for safety but increase velocity helps body move with greater ease), variability in motion may be encouraged.
Ecological Theory on Motor Control: Meaning and what is important
Motor system allows us to interact to interact with our environment, so how a person detects factors in their environment is key.
Different environment changes the way a person moves. Like training a pt to do tasks outdoors is different than indoors.
Perception is most important , it guides our movements like catching a ball.
Ecological Theory on Motor Control: Limitations and Clinical Implications
Limitation: Less emphasis on the nervous system
Implications:
- Must look at environment with goal in mind.
- Then look at multiple ways to achieve a task with different movement strategies
- PTs must constantly change the environment so pt’s motor system learns different ways to achieve task and pick up all common features.
