Motivation, Emotion and Stress

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

purpose behind our actions

Question 2

extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

outside rewards or punishment

Question 3

intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

motivation that comes from within oneself

Question 4

instincts

Answer 4

innate, fixed pattern of behavior in response to stimuli

Question 5

instinct theory

Answer 5

people are given to do certain things based on innately programmed instincts

Question 6

arousal

Answer 6

psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Question 7

arousal theory

Answer 7

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Question 8

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 8

postulates a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance

Question 9

drives

Answer 9

defined as internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals

Question 10

primary drives

Answer 10

including the need for food, water, and warmth; motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis

Question 11

homeostasis

Answer 11

regulation of the internal environment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions

Question 12

secondary drives

Answer 12

not directly related to biological processes

Question 13

drive reduction theory

Answer 13

motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

Question 14

seld-determination theory

Answer 14

three universal needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness

these must be met in order to develop healthy relationships with yourself and others

Question 15

incentive theory

Answer 15

behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards or avoid punishment

Question 16

expectancy-value theory

Answer 16

the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal

Question 17

opponent-process theory

Answer 17

when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology

Question 18

tolerance

Answer 18

a decrease in perceived drug effect over time

Question 19

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 19

a stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled

Question 20

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 20

physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time; when exposed to a stimulus, sensory information is received and sent to both the cortex and sympathetic nervous system simultaneously

Question 21

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

aka cognitive arousal theory aka two-factor theory

Answer 21

both arousal and labeling of the arousal must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced

Question 22

limbic system

Answer 22

complex set of structures that reside below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus; plays a role in both motivation and emotion

Question 23

amygdala

Answer 23

small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions; associated with fear and also plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of facial expressions

Question 24

thalamus

Answer 24

functions as a preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain

Question 25

hypothalamus

Answer 25

located below the thalamus, synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters; largely dictates emotional states

Question 26

hippocampus

Answer 26

within the temporal lobe, primarily involved in creating long term memories

Question 27

emotional memory

Answer 27

storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event

Question 28

prefrontal cortex

Answer 28

anterier portion of the frontal lobes, associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality and making decisions

Question 29

dorsal prefrontal cortex

Answer 29

associated with attention and cognition

Question 30

ventral prefrontal cortex

Answer 30

connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

Question 31

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 31

thought to play a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala

Question 32

cognitive appraisal

Answer 32

subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stres

Question 33

primary appraisal

Answer 33

initial evaluation of the environment and associated threat

Question 34

secondary appraisal

Answer 34

directed at evaluating whether organism can cope with the stress at hand

Question 35

reappraisal

Answer 35

ongoing monitoring of the stress

Question 36

stressor

Answer 36

biological element, external condition or event that leads to a stress response

Question 37

distress

Answer 37

occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors

Question 38

eustress

Answer 38

result of positive conditions

Question 39

social readjustment rating scale

Answer 39

measuring stress in life change units

Question 40

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 40

sequence of physiological responses to stress alarm resistance exhaustion