Motivation & Emotion Flashcards
Motivation Theories/Concepts: Motives
Motives= needs, wants, desires, leading to goal-directed behavior
Motivation Theories/Concepts: Drive Theories
Drive Theories= seeking homeostasis; temperature changes or hunger/low energy
Motivation Theories/Concepts: Incentive Theories
Incentive Theories= regulation by external stimuli (trophies, money, etc)
Motivation Theories/Concepts: Evolutionary Theories
Evolutionary Theories= maximizing reproductive success (anything that allows us to survive and continue
Biological Factors of Motivation: general
originally thought was the size of the stomach, but even those with stomach removed due to conditions still got hungry
Biological Factors of Motivation: Brain Regulation
- lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus
- paraventricular nucleus
- arcuate nucleus
Biological Factors of Motivation: Glucose and Digestive Regulation
- glucose theory
- glucose monitored in the brain by glucostats (neurons sensitive to glucose)
Biological Factors of Motivation: Hormonal Regulation
- insulin (high levels increase hunger) and leptin (high levels and hunger diminishes)
Environmental Factors in Hunger: Learned preferences and Habits
- exposure
- when, as well as what
- who you eat with changes how much you eat
Environmental Factors in Hunger: Food-related cues
- appearance
- odor
- effort required
Environmental Factors in Hunger: Stress
link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overreating
Eating and Weight- The roots of Obesity
- evolutionary explanations
- genetic predisposition (BMI and adoption study, twins studies suggest 61% variability)
- the concept of set point/settling point
- dietary restraint eaters (refrain often, think about it often. reduces inhibition like alcohol, then they eat and often binge)
- eating disorders
- sometimes when dieting, slip up, throw whole day out window since its “too late”, indulging with diet timing a factor
Evolutionary Motivation for Food
- evolved to avoid starvation (attracted to calorie rich foods, ability to store foods as fats)
- food high in saturated fats widely available (paradoxical effect of making the brain less sensitive to chemical messenger to stop eating
Motivation for Food
- gain weight (increase # and size of fats cells)
- lose weight (decrease size of fat cells only)
- more susceptible to gaining weight than losing
- dieting results in decrease in metabolism (each round of dieting= more efficient fat storing, more evidence for the idea of a natural set weight of body)
BMI and Twins
- identical twins whether raised together or not have same or similar BMI with a .7-.75 correlation
- fraternal twins whether raised together or not, have a low to moderate correlation
Sexual Motivation and Behavior part 1
- hormonal regulations (estrogen, androgens, testosterone)
- evolutionary factors
- parental investment theory
- gender differences in sexual activity
- gender differences in mate preferences
Sexual Motivation and Behavior part 2
- Across history in species (women more invested in genetics being passed with carry for 9 months and birth and feed, higher risk of death)
- evolutionary function in prevalence in orgasm in men, much lower chance of reproduction if not
Sexual Motivation and Behavior part 3
phrase hint- men choose widely, women choose wisely
- males more likely to succeed in reproduction due to many partners
- women more likely to succeed in selective partners
- generally men have higher importance for physical attractiveness than ladies, often an indication of fertility (hip to wait ratio, youthful etc) women often look for more resources and good person in their fertility desires
The Mystery of Sexual Orientation
- a continuum of hetero– bi– homosexual
- theories explaining homosexuality (no evidence to support behavioral or freudian theories, more biological evidence)
- twin studies
- –identical- one gay, other 50% chance
- – fraternal- one gay, other 25% chance
- – adoptive = by chance, 0% connection
The Need to Belong: the Affiliation Motive
- affiliation
- ostracism
- fear of rejection
Achievement
- achievement motive= need to excel
- work harder and more persistent
- delay gratification
- pursue and succeed in competitive careers
- situational determinants on achievement behaviors
- stable personality traits (need for achievement in balance with fear of failure, both high, both low, one and one)
- level of motivation relates to interest or care
Emotional Experiences
- high fear, decrease or increase motivation, value of tasks links emotion and motivations
Emotional Experiences: Cognitive Component
- subjective conscious experience
- positive psychology
Emotional Experiences: Physiological Component
- bodily (autonomic) arousal
- affective neuroscience
