Motivation & Emotion

Question 1

What are Emotions?

Answer 1

-a feeling towards an object or event- short term-situational; occurs in response to rewards (happy) and punishers (sad/angry)
-encourage us to persist in responding for reward
-accompanied by changes in thoughts feelings, facial expressions and physiology

Question 2

What is Mood?

Answer 2

different from emotion; longer lasting, less intense, not affected by a specific object or event
e.g. being cheerful for several days for no particular reason

Question 3

For each distinct emotion (a diff adaptation), we can specifiy…

Answer 3

-when we will experience an emotion (what evolutionnary relevant conditions)
-how the emotion affects us
-how the behavior evoked by an emotion solves an evolutionary problem

Question 4

Each emotion has extended behavioral elements that include changes in..

Answer 4

hormones (eg dopamine, adrenaline), thoughts, feelings, behaviors, facial expressions, sense perception

Question 5

First principle of expression of emotion (Darwin)

Answer 5

serviceable habits (e.g. showing teeth, goosebumps- useful for animals not humans)
-idea that certain actions could be of service in certain states of mind, and the same movements would be performed out of habit even when they had no use whatsoever

Question 6

Second principle

Answer 6

antithesis (opposite body expression, eg fear and disgust)

Question 7

Third principle

Answer 7

direct action- emotion changes nervous system

Question 8

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 8

you percieve stimulus in environment 1st, then express emotion, and finally acknowledge emotion

Question 9

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 9

you percieve stimulus in enviornment 1st, then simulaneously express and acknowledge emotion, and finally thalamus mediates it

Question 10

the 4 universal emotions are

Answer 10

happiness, surprise, anxious, disgust
-fear & disgust are opposites

Question 11

drive reduction theory for motivatoin

Answer 11

suggests that unmet physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates/pushes an organism to satisfy (reduce) the need

Question 12

arousal theory for motivation

Answer 12

human are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels- high arousal = doing things do lower it; low arousal = doing things to increase it, often thru curiosity (eg young monkeys & children)

Question 13

homeostasis

Answer 13

the tendancy to maintain a balanced/constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry

Question 14

incentive

Answer 14

involves a postitive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 15

Operant Approaches to Motivation

Answer 15

Proceeding stimuli and associated consequences motivate behaviour

Question 16

Social Approaches to Motivational

Answer 16

We are social creatures; our social needs are highly motivating

Question 17

Achievement Motivation

Answer 17

We are driven to need to be excellent in some area

Question 18

Premack principle

Answer 18

-one behavior can reinforce another
-more rewarding higher frequency behaviors can reinforce less rewarding low frequency behaviors (e.g. you need to eat your veggies b4 u can have dessert)

Question 19

Maslow’s hierachy of needs

Answer 19

viewed human motives as pyramid
-at the base are basic physiological needs, then safety, then love/belonging, then esteem, then self-actualization, then self-trancendance

Question 20

What is jealousy?

Answer 20

in the presence of rivals women focus on the rival and men focus on their partners

Question 21

What is Achievement motivation?

Answer 21

an internal drive to excel at something

Question 22

What is Mate poaching?

Answer 22

when an individual attempts to copulate with an individual that’s already in a romantic relationship

Question 23

What are motivating operations?

Answer 23

variables that are extended in time and momentarily change the current frequency of behavior related to a specific reinforcer

Question 24

What are establishing operations?

Answer 24

increase the effectiveness of reinforcers and momentarily evoke behavior related to obtaining them; abolishing is opposite