Motivation & Emotion Flashcards
motives vs motivation
motives
- > needs, wants, desires that lead to a goal-directed behaviour
motivation
- > the internal and external motives that cause us to behave in a specific way
- > why we do what we do
3 motivational theories
- Drive theories
- > makes us feel balanced, if I do this I’ll be satisfied - Incentive theories
- > I will get X by doing this - Evolutionary theories
- > based on the idea that we are genetically motivated to increase the chances of passing along our genes
Drive theories
Drive Theories
- > seek homeostasis (balance/calm)
- *Drive reduction theory**
- > physiological need creates a state of tension (drive) that motivates the organism to satisfy a need
- > pushed by our internal need to reduce drive
need vs drive
- *need**
- > a deprivation that energizes the need to eliminate or reduce the deprivation
- *drive**
- > an internal state of tension because of a physiological need
incentive theories
- *regulated by external stimuli**
- > positive or negative goal with capacity to motivate behaviour (i.e. gold star, money)
- > pulled by our external incentives that lure or repel us
intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
- *extrinsic**
- > a desire to perform a behaviour because of a promised reward (or threat of punishment)
- *intrinsic**
- > a desire to perform a behaviour for its own sake
expectancy-value model
refers to the relationship between “how likely am I to get it” and “what’s it worth to me”
evolutionary theories
motivation works to maximize reproductive success
- > only genes that promote survival of the species are preserved in the gene pool
- > natural selection favour behaviours that maximize repro success
biological factors of hunger and eating
- > regulated by the brain (hypothalamus)
- > glucose and digestive regulation is determined by blood glucose levels
hormonal controls of hunger
Appetite signaller
- > insulin
appetite suppressors
- > leptin
- > ghrelin
- > CCK
buffer window for when your body tells you you’re full
20 minutes
environmental factors of hunger and eating
- > learned preferences and habits
*anticipated pleasure of food
- > food related cues
- > stress
- > variety (you’ll eat more at a buffet than a normal breakfast bar)
- > social
characteristics of obesity
- > there are evolutionary explanations for obesity (body can’t tell between life threatening stress and normal stress, wants to stock up stores just in case)
- > there are genetic predispositions to obesity
- > set point/settling point that body wants to maintain if you lose weight
- > dietary restrains can trigger starvation mode and keep weight
stages of sex according to Masters and Johnson (1966)
hormones that regulate sex
- > estrogen
- > testosterone
- > androgens
explain the evolutionary and biological factors involved in sexual motivation and behaviour (parental investment theory)
Attractive women vs attractive men
certain traits/values are considered more attractive amongst different cultures
Women
- > baby faced features (small eyes, noses, round face, full lips)
- > maturity features (high cheekbones, broad smile)
Men
- > prominent brow, jawline, broad forehead
- > women find attractive, more symmetrical faces more attractive when they’re fertile (ovulating)
what is gender differences in sexual activity and mate preferences
sexual orientation
- > kinsey scale (hetero-homo rating scale)
- > plasticity in sexual activity and mate preference
- > attractions, behaviour, fantasy and identity
affiliation motive
the need to belong
- > the need to associate, be connected
- > fear of rejection
- > ostracism
achievement motive
the need to excel
- > the need to master challenges, meet high standards
- > work harder
- > persistence
- > persistence
control/power motive
the need for power
- > needs to control or influence others
- > has to win arguments
- > enjoys competition
- > enjoys status and recognition
- > needs to lead
why do we have emotions
- > results of genetics and learning
- > cope with recurring situations
- > survival
three elements of emotional experiences
- cognitive component
- physiological component
- behavioural component
elements of the cognitive aspect of emotion
- > subjective feelings
- > evaluate events (pos, neg, mixed)
- > influences our internal state
- > positive psychology
- > affective forecasting
affective forecasting
- > predicting future emotional experiences
- > we are bad at this
- > I’m gonna react this way but you don’t
main element of the physiological aspect of emotion
bodily (autonomic) arousal
- > can’t control dialated pupils, inc. HR or BP
emotion pathways of the brain
sympathetic
- > fight; respond before even conscious of stimuli
parasympathetic
- > flight; linked to memory and concious thought
both systems rely on limbic system, esp. amygdala
elements of behaviour aspect of emotional experiences
Nonverbal expressiveness
- > body language
Facial feedback hypothesis
- > empathy
7 primary/core emotions
- > there is more than 7 but this occurs through blending of the core emotions to create more complex emotions
characteristics of the core emotions
- > primitive
- > hardwired
- > universal
- > automatic and fast
- > linked to neuro circuit that triggers behaviours that have survival value
display rules
emotions may be universal but rules about when and where to display them vary across cultures
james-lange theory of emotion
suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events
- > you experience fear when theres a stimulus that is frightening and your brain reacts accordingly
cannon-bard theory
you experience the physiological arousal and the emotional response at the same time
- > you feel fear but ANS kicks in at the same time
