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Psychology 2 > Motivation & Emotion > Flashcards

Motivation & Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

motives vs motivation

A

motives
- > needs, wants, desires that lead to a goal-directed behaviour
motivation
- > the internal and external motives that cause us to behave in a specific way
- > why we do what we do

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2
Q

3 motivational theories

A
  1. Drive theories
    - > makes us feel balanced, if I do this I’ll be satisfied
  2. Incentive theories
    - > I will get X by doing this
  3. Evolutionary theories
    - > based on the idea that we are genetically motivated to increase the chances of passing along our genes
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3
Q

Drive theories

A

Drive Theories

  • > seek homeostasis (balance/calm)
  • *Drive reduction theory**
  • > physiological need creates a state of tension (drive) that motivates the organism to satisfy a need
  • > pushed by our internal need to reduce drive
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4
Q

need vs drive

A
  • *need**
  • > a deprivation that energizes the need to eliminate or reduce the deprivation
  • *drive**
  • > an internal state of tension because of a physiological need
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5
Q

incentive theories

A
  • *regulated by external stimuli**
  • > positive or negative goal with capacity to motivate behaviour (i.e. gold star, money)
  • > pulled by our external incentives that lure or repel us
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6
Q

intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

A
  • *extrinsic**
  • > a desire to perform a behaviour because of a promised reward (or threat of punishment)
  • *intrinsic**
  • > a desire to perform a behaviour for its own sake
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7
Q

expectancy-value model

A

refers to the relationship between “how likely am I to get it” and “what’s it worth to me”

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8
Q

evolutionary theories

A

motivation works to maximize reproductive success

  • > only genes that promote survival of the species are preserved in the gene pool
  • > natural selection favour behaviours that maximize repro success
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9
Q

biological factors of hunger and eating

A
  • > regulated by the brain (hypothalamus)
  • > glucose and digestive regulation is determined by blood glucose levels
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10
Q

hormonal controls of hunger

A

Appetite signaller

  • > insulin

appetite suppressors

  • > leptin
  • > ghrelin
  • > CCK
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11
Q

buffer window for when your body tells you you’re full

A

20 minutes

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12
Q

environmental factors of hunger and eating

A
  • > learned preferences and habits

*anticipated pleasure of food

  • > food related cues
  • > stress
  • > variety (you’ll eat more at a buffet than a normal breakfast bar)
  • > social
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13
Q

characteristics of obesity

A
  • > there are evolutionary explanations for obesity (body can’t tell between life threatening stress and normal stress, wants to stock up stores just in case)
  • > there are genetic predispositions to obesity
  • > set point/settling point that body wants to maintain if you lose weight
  • > dietary restrains can trigger starvation mode and keep weight
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14
Q

stages of sex according to Masters and Johnson (1966)

A
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15
Q

hormones that regulate sex

A
  • > estrogen
  • > testosterone
  • > androgens
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16
Q

explain the evolutionary and biological factors involved in sexual motivation and behaviour (parental investment theory)

A
17
Q

Attractive women vs attractive men

A

certain traits/values are considered more attractive amongst different cultures

Women

  • > baby faced features (small eyes, noses, round face, full lips)
  • > maturity features (high cheekbones, broad smile)

Men

  • > prominent brow, jawline, broad forehead
  • > women find attractive, more symmetrical faces more attractive when they’re fertile (ovulating)
18
Q

what is gender differences in sexual activity and mate preferences

A

sexual orientation

  • > kinsey scale (hetero-homo rating scale)
  • > plasticity in sexual activity and mate preference
  • > attractions, behaviour, fantasy and identity
19
Q

affiliation motive

A

the need to belong

  • > the need to associate, be connected
  • > fear of rejection
  • > ostracism
20
Q

achievement motive

A

the need to excel

  • > the need to master challenges, meet high standards
  • > work harder
  • > persistence
  • > persistence
21
Q

control/power motive

A

the need for power

  • > needs to control or influence others
  • > has to win arguments
  • > enjoys competition
  • > enjoys status and recognition
  • > needs to lead
22
Q

why do we have emotions

A
  • > results of genetics and learning
  • > cope with recurring situations
  • > survival
23
Q

three elements of emotional experiences

A
  1. cognitive component
  2. physiological component
  3. behavioural component
24
Q

elements of the cognitive aspect of emotion

A
  • > subjective feelings
  • > evaluate events (pos, neg, mixed)
  • > influences our internal state
  • > positive psychology

- > affective forecasting

25
Q

affective forecasting

A
  • > predicting future emotional experiences
  • > we are bad at this
  • > I’m gonna react this way but you don’t
26
Q

main element of the physiological aspect of emotion

A

bodily (autonomic) arousal

  • > can’t control dialated pupils, inc. HR or BP
27
Q

emotion pathways of the brain

A

sympathetic

  • > fight; respond before even conscious of stimuli

parasympathetic

  • > flight; linked to memory and concious thought

both systems rely on limbic system, esp. amygdala

28
Q

elements of behaviour aspect of emotional experiences

A

Nonverbal expressiveness

  • > body language

Facial feedback hypothesis

  • > empathy
29
Q

7 primary/core emotions

A
  • > there is more than 7 but this occurs through blending of the core emotions to create more complex emotions
30
Q

characteristics of the core emotions

A
  • > primitive
  • > hardwired
  • > universal
  • > automatic and fast
  • > linked to neuro circuit that triggers behaviours that have survival value
31
Q

display rules

A

emotions may be universal but rules about when and where to display them vary across cultures

32
Q

james-lange theory of emotion

A

suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events

  • > you experience fear when theres a stimulus that is frightening and your brain reacts accordingly
33
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

you experience the physiological arousal and the emotional response at the same time

  • > you feel fear but ANS kicks in at the same time

Psychology 2 (8 decks)

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