Motivation (Chapter 13)

Question 1

the set of firces that intiates, directs, and makes poeple persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

concerned wit the choices that poeple mae about how much effirt to put into theri projects

Answer 2

intiation of efffort

Question 3

is concerned about the choces that people make about where to put efforts in their projects

Answer 3

direction of effort

Question 4

concerened about choices that poeple make about how long to put effort into their project

Answer 4

persistence of effort

Question 5

Motivation * ability * situational contraints

Answer 5

= Job performance

Question 6

how well someone performs the requiremnets of a job

Answer 6

job performance

Question 7

degree to which workers posses the knowledge, skills, and talent needed to do a job well.

Answer 7

ability

Question 8

factors beyoned control of individual employees, such as tools, policies, and resources that have an effect on job performace

Answer 8

situational contraints

Question 9

physical or psychological requirements that must be met to insure survival or well being

Answer 9

needs

Question 10

people are motivated by physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self actualization

Answer 10

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Question 11

people are motivated by existence, relatedness, and growth

Answer 11

Alderfers ERG Theory

Question 12

people are motivated by the need for affiliation, the need for achievement, or the need for power

Answer 12

McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

Question 13

lower order needs

Answer 13

concerend with saftey and with phsyiological needs and existance requirements

Question 14

higher order needs

Answer 14

concerned with relationships, challenges, and accomplishments and influence

Question 15

a reward that is tangible, visible to others, and given to employees contingent on the performance of specific tasks or behaviors

Answer 15

extrinsic rewards

Question 16

a natural reward associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake

Answer 16

intrinsic rewards

Question 17

theory that states people will be motivated to work when they perceive they are being treated fairly

Answer 17

equity theory

Question 18

contributions employees make to the organization

Answer 18

inputs

Question 19

what employees recieve in exchnage for their contributions to the organization

Answer 19

outcomes

Question 20

other people with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly

Answer 20

referents

Question 21

in equity theory, an employee’s perception of how the rewards received from an organization compare with the employee’s contributions to that organization

Answer 21

outcome/input ratio

Question 22

a form of inequity in which you are getting fewer outcomes relative to relative to inputs compared to your referent

Answer 22

underreward

Question 23

a form of inequity in which you are getting more outcomes relevant to inputs than you referent

Answer 23

overreward

Question 24

the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated

Answer 24

distributive justice

Question 25

perceived fairness of the procedures used to make reward allocation decisions

Answer 25

procedural justice

Question 26

people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will receive attractive rewards.

Answer 26

expectancy theory

Question 27

the attractiveness/desirability of a reward/outcome

Answer 27

valence

Question 28

perceived relationship between effort and performance

Answer 28

expectancy

Question 29

perceived relationship between performance and rewards

Answer 29

instrumentality

Question 30

valence * expectancy * instrumentality

Answer 30

= Motivation

Question 31

theory that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors followed by negative consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors followed by negative consequences, or not followed by positive consequences, will occur less frequently

Answer 31

reinforcement theory

Question 32

process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior

Answer 32

reinforcement

Question 33

cause and effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences

Answer 33

reinforcement contingencies

Question 34

rules that specify which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors, and the schedule by which those consequences will be delivered

Answer 34

schedule of reinforcement

Question 35

strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences

Answer 35

positive reinforcement

Question 36

reinforcement that strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior

Answer 36

negative reinforcement (avoidance learning)

Question 37

weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences

Answer 37

punishment

Question 38

reinforcement in which a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior, thus weakening the behavior

Answer 38

extinction

Question 39

a schedule that requires a consequence to be administered following every instance of a behavior

Answer 39

continuos reinforcement schedule

Question 40

a schedule in which consequences are delivered after a specified average or average number of behaviors has occurred

Answer 40

intermittent reinforcement schedule

Question 41

consequences follow a behavior after a fixed period of time has elapsed

Answer 41

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Question 42

time between behavior and consequence varies around a specific average

Answer 42

variable interval reinforcement schedule

Question 43

consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors

Answer 43

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 44

consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors, sometimes more sometimes less, that vary around a specified average number of behaviors

Answer 44

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 45

What are the five steps to motivating workers with reinforcement theory?

Answer 45

identify,measure,analyze,intervene,evaluate

Question 46

singling out critical, observable, performance related behaviors

Answer 46

identify

Question 47

determining the baseline frequencies of these behaviors

Answer 47

measure

Question 48

means studying the causes and consequences of these behaviors

Answer 48

analyze

Question 49

changing the organization by using positive and negative reinforcement to increase the frequency of these behaviors

Answer 49

intervene

Question 50

assessing the extent to which the intervention actually changed workers behaviors

Answer 50

evaluate

Question 51

a target, objective, or result that someone tries to accomplish

Answer 51

goal

Question 52

the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they accept specific, challenging goals and receive feedback that indicates their progress toward goal achievement

Answer 52

goal setting theory

Question 53

extent to which goals are detailed, exact and unambiguous

Answer 53

goal specificity

Question 54

extent to which a goal is hard or challenging to accomplish

Answer 54

goal difficulty

Question 55

extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals

Answer 55

goal acceptance

Question 56

information about the quality or quantity of past performance that indicates whether progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal

Answer 56

performance feedback