Motivation and Incentive Flashcards
Incentive is
external stimuli that motivate behavior, comes without learning
What drives motivation?
Homeostasis
What unconscious instincts does freud says about motivation
sex and aggression
In evolutionary theory what drives motivation
adaptive significance
pull toward a goal=external stimuli=?
Instinct
push toward an action=internal stimuli
Drive
If you’re doing something because it brings you fulfillment internally as a reward, you are using a(n)____ motivation
intrinction
If you’re doing something because you value an external reward such as an A+ it is a(n)___ motivation
Extrinction.
What is Freuds dual instinct model?
the battle between internal impulses (such as aggression) and socially acceptable means. Using their impulses as a driving force.. example: a lawyer has an impulse to be in control and argue, therefore they use that drive to become a lawyer
What is Maslows Need Model
It represents hierarchies of our needs that we feel need to be met in priority. The base being survival and basic needs and the top being our drive to achieve goals.
What is each level of Maslow’s need model?
Physiological (food water), Safety/Security, Love+Belongingness, Esteem (reassurance),Cognitive(learning),Aesthetic(beauty),Self Assurance (goal meeting)
What are the 3 needs in self-actualization theory?
Competence, Autonomy, Relatedness
Jenny doesn’t want her job anymore because they don’t let her fulfill her tasks the way she wishes, so she quits and does it herself. This is an example of
Autonomy Motivation. Getting to do your actions on free-will without external factors interfering
What influences the direction, how hard you will work for something and how persistent you will be in doing your tasks?
Motivation
Which theory explains why some people have more drive to complete the same tasks than others?
Expectancy theory. People accomplish things for different reasons, some to pass, others for an A. They expect the outcome they are trying to obtain.
What is basal metabolism?
The rate at which energy is used to maintain its functions while at rest
a fixed action pattern is called
instinct
According to Walter Cannon: _____ drives motivation
homeostasis
An inherited characteristic which produces a fixed response to a fixed stimulus is called a(n)
instinct
reducing ___ is the ultimate goal of motivated behaviour
drive
What regulates food intake
Psychological needs, attitudes/mood and habits/culture
define instinct
complex, unlearned behaviors that have a fixed pattern
define incentive
the positive or negative stimuli that either entice or repel us
drive-reduction theory
motivated to maintain balance (homeostasis) between stimulation and relaxation
what is our body’s primary source of energy?
glucose
what is glucose
a form of sugar that circulates in our bloodstream to provide energy to body tissues
In hunger, your hypothalamus does what?
responds to high levels of ghrelin (hunger hormone) and low levels of glucose (body’s main energy supply)
What is Ghrelin
it is your “hunger hormone” when levels are high, your brain (limbic system) notifies your hypothalamus and responds accordingly
Where in the brain is the Hypothalamus located
limbic system
Metabolism
converts food into energy for your body’s tissues
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
regulate circadian rhythms, regulate heartbeat, hunger, endocrine system (creates homeostasis throughout the body)
what does your liver do when glucose levels decrease?
your liver responds by turning stored nutrients back into glucose
____ decreases hunger and is released into the bloodstream by intestines
CCK (decreases hunger) by making us feel full (satiated)
_____ decreases hunger and is released into the bloodstream by fat cells
Leptin (decreases hunger) tells the brain you have enough fat stored and therefore do not require more sustenance
_____ increases hunger and is secreted into the bloodstream by the stomach and small intestine
Ghrelin
___ increases hunger and is secreted by neurons within the PVN of the hypothalamus
Neuropeptide Y
If john was starving and seen a photo of food and suddenly felt hunger pangs, what occurred?
ghrelin was secreted by the visual cue of food representing hunger
what does the ob gene do?
directs fat cells to produce leptin by sending a signal to the brain telling you “you’re full”
what happens to someone with an ob gene mutation?
Often overeat do to the lack of signals saying “you’re full already”
a mouse is severely obese and eats every 20 minutes. What might be the case?
he may have an ob mutation gene where he does not secrete leptin.
if a rat were starving and refused to eat no matter what, what part of the brain might be damaged?
lateral hypothalamus (the “Hunger On” centre)
If shown a picture of food, what part of the brain is likely to activate?
midbrain structures especially the nucleus accumbens
If shown a picture of food and choose to use self-control and avoid the impulse to eat what part of the brain is likely also activated?
pre-frontal cortex(self control)
(and visual cortex, correlating to seeing the photos)
brain areas linked to motivation and respond to visual cues (located in the midbrain) are ____
nucleus accumbens, VTA (ventral tegmental area) and insula. All activated by food cues.
what is the “hunger off” centre
VMH (ventromedial hypothalamus)
what is the “hunger ON” centre
LH (lateral hypothalamus)
___ plays a role in satiety, hunger and energy balance
hypothalamus
approximately ___ canadians are obese or overweight
2/3
what is the male sex hormone?
testosterone
what is the female sex hormone?
estrogen
what theory is determined on achievement itself and the person?
achievement theory
