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Psychology 104 > Motivation and Incentive > Flashcards

Motivation and Incentive Flashcards

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1
Q

Incentive is

A

external stimuli that motivate behavior, comes without learning

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2
Q

What drives motivation?

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

What unconscious instincts does freud says about motivation

A

sex and aggression

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4
Q

In evolutionary theory what drives motivation

A

adaptive significance

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5
Q

pull toward a goal=external stimuli=?

A

Instinct

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6
Q

push toward an action=internal stimuli

A

Drive

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7
Q

If you’re doing something because it brings you fulfillment internally as a reward, you are using a(n)____ motivation

A

intrinction

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8
Q

If you’re doing something because you value an external reward such as an A+ it is a(n)___ motivation

A

Extrinction.

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9
Q

What is Freuds dual instinct model?

A

the battle between internal impulses (such as aggression) and socially acceptable means. Using their impulses as a driving force.. example: a lawyer has an impulse to be in control and argue, therefore they use that drive to become a lawyer

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10
Q

What is Maslows Need Model

A

It represents hierarchies of our needs that we feel need to be met in priority. The base being survival and basic needs and the top being our drive to achieve goals.

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11
Q

What is each level of Maslow’s need model?

A

Physiological (food water), Safety/Security, Love+Belongingness, Esteem (reassurance),Cognitive(learning),Aesthetic(beauty),Self Assurance (goal meeting)

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12
Q

What are the 3 needs in self-actualization theory?

A

Competence, Autonomy, Relatedness

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13
Q

Jenny doesn’t want her job anymore because they don’t let her fulfill her tasks the way she wishes, so she quits and does it herself. This is an example of

A

Autonomy Motivation. Getting to do your actions on free-will without external factors interfering

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14
Q

What influences the direction, how hard you will work for something and how persistent you will be in doing your tasks?

A

Motivation

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15
Q

Which theory explains why some people have more drive to complete the same tasks than others?

A

Expectancy theory. People accomplish things for different reasons, some to pass, others for an A. They expect the outcome they are trying to obtain.

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16
Q

What is basal metabolism?

A

The rate at which energy is used to maintain its functions while at rest

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17
Q

a fixed action pattern is called

A

instinct

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18
Q

According to Walter Cannon: _____ drives motivation

A

homeostasis

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19
Q

An inherited characteristic which produces a fixed response to a fixed stimulus is called a(n)

A

instinct

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20
Q

reducing ___ is the ultimate goal of motivated behaviour

A

drive

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21
Q

What regulates food intake

A

Psychological needs, attitudes/mood and habits/culture

22
Q

define instinct

A

complex, unlearned behaviors that have a fixed pattern

23
Q

define incentive

A

the positive or negative stimuli that either entice or repel us

24
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

motivated to maintain balance (homeostasis) between stimulation and relaxation

25
Q

what is our body’s primary source of energy?

A

glucose

26
Q

what is glucose

A

a form of sugar that circulates in our bloodstream to provide energy to body tissues

27
Q

In hunger, your hypothalamus does what?

A

responds to high levels of ghrelin (hunger hormone) and low levels of glucose (body’s main energy supply)

28
Q

What is Ghrelin

A

it is your “hunger hormone” when levels are high, your brain (limbic system) notifies your hypothalamus and responds accordingly

29
Q

Where in the brain is the Hypothalamus located

A

limbic system

30
Q

Metabolism

A

converts food into energy for your body’s tissues

31
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

regulate circadian rhythms, regulate heartbeat, hunger, endocrine system (creates homeostasis throughout the body)

32
Q

what does your liver do when glucose levels decrease?

A

your liver responds by turning stored nutrients back into glucose

33
Q

____ decreases hunger and is released into the bloodstream by intestines

A

CCK (decreases hunger) by making us feel full (satiated)

34
Q

_____ decreases hunger and is released into the bloodstream by fat cells

A

Leptin (decreases hunger) tells the brain you have enough fat stored and therefore do not require more sustenance

35
Q

_____ increases hunger and is secreted into the bloodstream by the stomach and small intestine

A

Ghrelin

36
Q

___ increases hunger and is secreted by neurons within the PVN of the hypothalamus

A

Neuropeptide Y

37
Q

If john was starving and seen a photo of food and suddenly felt hunger pangs, what occurred?

A

ghrelin was secreted by the visual cue of food representing hunger

38
Q

what does the ob gene do?

A

directs fat cells to produce leptin by sending a signal to the brain telling you “you’re full”

39
Q

what happens to someone with an ob gene mutation?

A

Often overeat do to the lack of signals saying “you’re full already”

40
Q

a mouse is severely obese and eats every 20 minutes. What might be the case?

A

he may have an ob mutation gene where he does not secrete leptin.

41
Q

if a rat were starving and refused to eat no matter what, what part of the brain might be damaged?

A

lateral hypothalamus (the “Hunger On” centre)

42
Q

If shown a picture of food, what part of the brain is likely to activate?

A

midbrain structures especially the nucleus accumbens

43
Q

If shown a picture of food and choose to use self-control and avoid the impulse to eat what part of the brain is likely also activated?

A

pre-frontal cortex(self control)

(and visual cortex, correlating to seeing the photos)

44
Q

brain areas linked to motivation and respond to visual cues (located in the midbrain) are ____

A

nucleus accumbens, VTA (ventral tegmental area) and insula. All activated by food cues.

45
Q

what is the “hunger off” centre

A

VMH (ventromedial hypothalamus)

46
Q

what is the “hunger ON” centre

A

LH (lateral hypothalamus)

47
Q

___ plays a role in satiety, hunger and energy balance

A

hypothalamus

48
Q

approximately ___ canadians are obese or overweight

A

2/3

49
Q

what is the male sex hormone?

A

testosterone

50
Q

what is the female sex hormone?

A

estrogen

51
Q

what theory is determined on achievement itself and the person?

A

achievement theory

Psychology 104 (3 decks)

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