Memory Flashcards
Images “lingering” in sensory memory for a very brief amount of time.
Iconic memory
What kind of memory is hearing?
Echoic
Sensory Memory is located primarily in which part of the brain?
pre-frontal cortex
What mainly causes a memory to stick
rehearsal
____ is a mental device that helps you associate pieces of information
mnemonics
3 stages of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
encoding is ____
translating information into neural codes
encoding failure occurs when ____
you are distracted/multitasking
chunking
tie a bunch of objects together to form one whole object, technically store more in short term this way.
maintenance rehearsal - shallow processing
repeat repeat repeat
elaborative rehearsal - deep processing
repeat repeat but making connections and meanings at the same time
which 2 ways is memory studied?
physiologically and cognitively
Who “founded” iconic memory
Sperling (1960)
what is the “golden number” for how many pieces of information can be stored in short term memory?
- (although 5-9 is accurate as well)
Which method has better recall ability? Whole Report or Partial Report?
Partial Report. (it allows people to report back in chunks which is easier)
A time frame of 1 second ____ capacity of memory and is known as the ____ _____?
HALVES. Decay Effect (sperling)
There is a vast amount of information stored in
Short-Term/Working Memory
What is the most effective way to remember information?
Rehearsal/Repetition
encoding
Short-term memory input
What is a schema?
A way to organize information
Memory illusion
False memory, but appears very “true” to our mind
Reconstructive vs reproductive of our memory?
Memory is more reconstructive than reproductive
context-dependant study
Do the exam where you study for it, fellas. Real psychological tip.
which part of brain involves memory?
Hippocampus and amyglada
retroactive interference
new memory influences old ones
What are the 4 types of encoding methods?
Motor Encoding, Visual Encoding, Semantic Encoding, Phonological Encoding
chunking
tie a bunch of objects together to form a one whole project, technically store more in short term this way.
maintenance rehearsal
repeat repeat repeat
elaborative rehearsal
repeat repeat but making connections and meanings at the same time
primary and recency effect
First things and last things in the list tend to be remembered longer
multiple connections of different cues and nodes is referred to as a(n) ____ ____
Associative Network
What is the directional flow of memory into long-term memory?
Sensory Inputs-Sensory Registers-Short Term Memory (circulates here)-Long Term Memory
To remember a day in your past moment by moment and all the details involved is a form of ____ ____
Episodic Memory (its like watching an episode of a show, but you’re the main character)
von Restoff effect
Imagine a list of names, suddenly one looks longer than all the others. We will remember that longer name
what processes certain information and pairs it into the LT memory for retrieval?
working/short term memory
What stores memory for a long period of time?
long-term memory
Bat rhymes with Hat can be both a(n) _____ and/or a(n) _____ ____ method
retrieval cue and phonological coding method.
What is chunking?
piecing information into meaningful groups from a long list (ex asgjkf = as gj kf)
What is a phonological loop?
repeating something over and over again aloud
What is an episodic buffer?
the combination of visual memory, phonological looping and the use of long-term memory recall. It is a temporary storage space. (brings you back to a moment in which you may remember the sounds hears and the sights seen… such as walking through your school cafeteria)
_____ records, stores and retrieves information
memory
multiple connections of different cues and nodes is referred to as a(n) ____ ____
Associative Network
explicit memory
U need some effort to deal with these.
implicit memory
Not that much effort is needed. I barely think at all when riding my bike
semantic memory
an explicit subtype. memory abt everyone else and the world
episodic memory
also explicit. memory abt self
priming
implicit memory. ur brain automatically suggests the context based on previous similar memory. Think of how CPU works effectively
encoding
Short-term memory input
an internal or external stimulus that aid in recall is a ___ ____ (often given when something is at the tip-of-your-tongue)
retrieval cue
To remember a day in your past moment by moment and all the details involved is a form of ____ ____
Episodic Memory (its like watching an episode of a show, but you’re the main character)
mnemonic
Some techniques use to remember something.
for example, soh cah toa
Retrieval memory
RRR. Recall. Recognition. Relearning
tip-of-the-tongue
Sometimes, I dont think i know English anymore. A memory cue will help just fine
context-dependant study
Do the exam where you study for it, people. Real psychological tip.
Making lists and taking notes is an example of ____ ____
effortful processing
When you can recall a section in your notes, where it was on the page and what color the writing was, you experienced ____ _____
automatic processing (you didn’t consciously remember this information but your brain did and stored it without meaning)
What is structural coding?
it uses encoding and memorization to associate someones face to their name
Bat rhymes with Hat can be both a(n) _____ and/or a(n) _____ ____ method
retrieval cue and phonological coding method.
retrograde amnesia
Who am I? Where am I?
anterograde amnesia
I know who I am but can’t remember what happened today.
suggestive memory techiques
Suggest patients to recall memory that might or might not be true
misinformation effect
providing misleading information abt an event, making the patient thinks that they have the memory
which theory is used when verbal codes and non verbal codes are used to store memory?
dual-coding theory
when you can vividly recall an image it is known as _____ memory
flashbulb
students who have a high need for ____ often enter prestigious career paths
achievement
____ are feelings that involve a pattern of cognitive, behaviour and physiological reactions to events
emotions
what emotions have more adaptive functions?
fear, excitement, joy
the term cognitive ____ refers to inerpretations and meanings that we attach to stimuli
appraisal
approach-avoidance is being _____?
attracted to and repelled by the SAME GOAL. Getting a test to get an a but repelling it in fear of failure
