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Psychology 1002 midterm > Motivation and Emotion part 2 > Flashcards

Motivation and Emotion part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first stage of the Human Sexual Response?

A

Excitement
physiological arousal for both sexes (e.g., heart rate, respiration rate, tension, blood pressure);

Vasocongestion (engorgement of blood vessels)

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2
Q

What is the second stage of the Human Sexual Response?

A

Plateau

Arousal continues to build, but at a slower pace

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3
Q

What is the third stage of the Human Sexual Response?

A

Orgasm
Peak intensity

Muscular contractions in the pelvic area

Women more likely than men to experience
more than one orgasm

Women also more likely than men NOT to orgasm

One study 78% men vs 28% women always orgasm.

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4
Q

What is the fourth and final stage of the Human Sexual Response?

A

Resolution
Physiological changes subsiding

If no orgasm, reduction in sexual tension can be slow

After orgasm, men experience a refractory period where they are largely unresponsive to further stimulation (minutes to hours depending on age)

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5
Q

What is the Coolidge Effect?

A

The phenomenon of a new sexual partner reviving sexual interest

Animal studies:
Present in most mammalian species
Ex: rats in enclosed box with 3-4 females
Refractory period reduced with the introduction of a new sexual partner (less rest time needed)
More powerful in males

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6
Q

Do hormones influence sexual behaviour?

A

yes

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7
Q

What are pheromones?

A

Chemicals secreted by animals can impact the behaviour of another (detected through smell)

Been suggested that pheromones might influence human desire

Inconclusive results, when it comes to sexual desire

Cosmetic industry still tries

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8
Q

What is Parental Investment Theory?

A

Species’ mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest (time, energy, risk of survival) to produce and nurture offspring
Predicts that:
Men will show more interest in sexual activity, more desire for variety in sexual partner, and more willingness to engage in uncommitted sex
Women will be more discriminatory when choosing partners. Need males with greatest ability to contribute toward caring for offspring (strength, agility, skillful, resources)
_________________________________________

Parental Investment Theory also suggests that there are differences in the characteristics of what females and males want in a long-term mate:

What do you look for in a mate?
All: kindness and intelligence
Women: power & status
Men: youthfulness & attractiveness

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9
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

preference for emotional and sexual relationships

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10
Q

when was it legal for same-sex couples to marry in Canada? Has violence increased or decreased?

A

2005 legal for same-sex couples to marry (Canada)

Violence decreasing but still current

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11
Q

What is a big reason as to why sexual orientation is a controversial topic?

A

because homosexuality cannot be explained by evolution

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12
Q

Who was the first person to explore sexual orientation?

A

Alfred Kinsey

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13
Q

Explain Alfred Kinsley’s continuum of sexual orientation.

A

Asked people to rate on a 7-point scale, their orientation

A continuum, rather than an either/or (he was one of the first people to publicly say that it’s a continuum and very rarely people fall into one of the really strong sides)

Heterosexuality and homosexuality are endpoints on the continuum

Self-identification and behaviour are two different things

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14
Q

Explain the twin study and how this relates to sexual orientation. Explain epigenetic processes. What does this prove?

A

Bailey & Pillard (1991) - behaviour genetics
Gay men with either
Twin brother (identical, fraternal)
Adopted brother
Identical twins - 52% were gay (they share 100% of their genes)
Fraternal twins - 22% were gay (they share 50% of their genes)
Adoptive brothers - 11% were gay
Similar pattern study with lesbians

Epigenetic processes may dampen or silence specific genes’ effects on sexual orientation (some people may have the gene, but it may not be “turned on” by the environment for example (including prenatal environment)

Proves that there IS SOME GENETIC PREDISPOSITION

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15
Q

Explain the relation between prenatal hormones and sexual orientation.

A

Prenatal hormones have an impact on neurological development

Research suggests that hormonal secretions in critical periods of prenatal development may shape sexual development, and influence subsequent sexual orientation

E.g., exposure to high levels of androgen levels during prenatal development linked with higher rates of homosexuality

Regardless, it’s biological

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16
Q

What is asexuality? Can it be a diagnosis? How much of the population?

A

deficiency in sexual desire, or abstinence of sexual fantasies and sexual activities (can be a diagnosis)

1% of the population

“Deficiency”: Do not report feeling they are missing something, and find satisfaction in other areas

Seems to be higher in women than men

Not clear whether it’s lifelong or acquired

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17
Q

Explain the achievement motive

A

need to excel, master difficult challenges, outperform others, meet high standards

Great societal importance: economic growth, scientific progress, masterpieces

Fairly stable PERSONALITY TRAIT

18
Q

How can Achievement Motivation be measured?

A

—Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) = Projective test

—Where a vague or ambiguous stimuli is presented to participants and the person’s interpretation is said to reveal their motives and traits
—
Asked to write or tell stories about what is happening in the scene and what the characters are feeling

—The themes of these stories are then scored to measure the strength of their need

19
Q

What are some characteristics of people scoring high on achievement motivation? What is a curious finding?

A

—Tend to:

  • Work harder & persistently on tasks
  • Pursue competitive careers
  • Enjoy tasks where personally responsible
  • Prefer tasks with feedback about performance
  • Delay gratification to pursue longer-term goals

—Curious finding: Prefer some, but not too much, challenge (not looking to have the highest achievements under their belts)

20
Q

The tendency to pursue achievement in a particular situation depends on what factors (Atkinson)?

A

Strength of motivation to achieve/avoid failure (personality)

Probability of success/failure (varies from task to task)

Incentive value of success/failure (tangible and intangible rewards & punishments) how much do I want this?

*—Latter two are situational determinants.

21
Q

Give two examples of how emotion can cause motivation and vice versa.

A

—Highly intertwined

—Emotion can cause motivation:

  • Anger about work schedule, motivated to find a new job
  • Fearful of failure, motivated to study

Motivation can cause emotion
- Motivation to win can bring anxiety during judging, and then great happiness upon winning

22
Q

What are the three elements of emotional experience?

A

——Cognitive Component (frontal lobe, thought)
—
—Physiological Component (biological, bodily response, brain)
—
Behavioural Component (outward expression of our emotion)

23
Q

Explain the cognitive component of emotional experience. What are cognitive appraisals and affective forecasting?

A

—We think about our emotional experiences
—
We evaluate emotions as pleasant or unpleasant (or both, e.g. “bitter-sweet”)

Cognitive appraisals (how we think about a situation) of events can alter our emotions (e.g., giving a speech, being called to dean’s office)

—Predicting how we will feel = affective forecasting (good at pleasant unpleasant, less accurate at intensity/duration) we’re not very good at this because we don’t think of the non-focal events that are around us that will also impact our emotion

24
Q

Physiological Component of emotional experience: explain the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and the galvanic skin response (GSR)

A

Sympathetic: really responsible for fight-or-flight reaction (many emotions are very similar to fight-or-flight reactions, they activate the system that creates much arousal in the body)

Parasympathetic: Opposite

—Prominent part of emotional arousal is the galvanic skin response (GSR):

  • increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity
  • convenient and sensitive index of autonomic arousal that has been used as a measure in labs
25
Q

Physiological Component of emotional experience: what is the polygraph and ho wis it used?

A

—Records HR, blood pressure, respiration, GSR

Assumption: when subject lies, they experience noticeable changes in physiological factors

26
Q

Physiological Component of emotional experience: explain Affective Neuroscience (the study of bran structures and emotional process and experience.

A

The hypothalamus, amygdala and adjacent structures in the limbic system (reward, dopamine-centered area of the brain) have long been viewed as the seat of emotions in the brain

Example: Amygdala – central role in fear response
- Sensory inputs capable of eliciting emotions arrive in the thalamus; 2 pathways:

  • Amygdala – extremely fast, process emotions
  • Cortex – slower, allows us to “think” about the input
27
Q

Behavioural Component of emotional experience: what are the 6 emotions that people are generally able to identify, even cross-culturally?

A

Anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, and sadness

28
Q

Behavioural Component of emotional experience: what are display rules?

A

norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions
—
They predict how, when, and to whom people can show various emotions – varies from culture to culture (not so much our culture, which values singularity)

Ifaluk of Micronesia – severely restricted expressions of happiness; emotion lead people to neglect their duties (joy will distract them from thinking about the group and working with the group)
—
Japanese culture – emphasizes suppression of negative emotions in public, and replace with stoic expressions or polite smiling (to not disrupt the group)

29
Q

Explain the Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

Muscles send signals to brain-> these signals help the brain recognize the emotion one is experiencing

If asked to mimic a facial expression, they actually experience that emotion to some degree

New treatment for depression involves the injection of Botox into the forehead to paralyze the facial muscles responsible for frowning

Assumption: constant feedback from frowning contributes to feeling depressed

Results: Significant reduction in depression symptoms within 6 weeks

Shows that our facial expressions can maybe maintain an emotion

30
Q

What is the Duchenne smile?

A

We have the ability to tell the difference between genuine and fake expressions.

Ex: Duchenne smile (real smile).

Zygomatic major muscle (CAN fake) and Orbicularis oculi muscle (smiling with the eyes, CANNOT fake).

31
Q

What is the Common Sense Model of emotion?

A

—Stimulus (rattlesnake) -> emotion (fear) -> physiological reaction (fight or flight; e.g., pulse is racing)

Event —> Emotion

32
Q

What is James-Lange’s Model of emotion?

A

Physiology determines what emotion you will feel (said common sense model is not correct). You use the physiological reaction as information to decide how you’re feeling

Stimulus (rattlesnake) -> physiological arousal (fight or flight; e.g., racing heart) -> emotion (fear) BECAUSE OF RACING HEART

Saying “that reaction is fear”

33
Q

What are some faults with James-Lange’s Model of emotion?

A

Arousal can appear without emotion (e.g., exercise)

Emotion happens faster than conscious experience (“perception”)

The same autonomic arousal is linked to various emotions (e.g., excitement, anger, fear)

34
Q

What is Cannon-Bard’s Model of emotion?

A

Thalamus (picks up on stimuli from the environment and “shoots” it where it needs to go) in the environment sends signals simultaneously ( at the EXACT same time) to:

  • the cortex (creating the conscious experience of emotion)
  • the autonomic nervous system (creating visceral arousal)

The experience of emotions AND physiological experience happen at the same time

Critique: the thalamus is not the relay centre for all emotions, but some agree that it is subcortical

35
Q

Explain Schacter’s two-factor theory

A

—Emotion = arousal + interpretation of arousal

Look for external cues to make your interpretation (you assess your environment and what’s going on to tell you your emotion, what you’re feeling

Cognitive component, thinking about what’s happening in order to determine what emotion you experience

——E.g., if you are stuck in traffic jam and notice arousal, you will likely label it as anger; if at a birthday party, then excitement; if at an interview, then anxiety

36
Q

Explain the Evolutionary Theory of emotion

A

Emotions are innate reactions to certain stimuli; require little cognitive interpretation

Emotions adapted bc of their survival value:

  • e.g., fear elicits the urge to avoid danger; disgust elicits the urge to avoid disease/infection; anger elicits the urge to attack
  • Negative emotions narrow our attention and provide motivation for action
37
Q

Explain Fredrickson’s Broaden and Build model (positive emotions). What is subjective well-being?

A

Why do we have positive emotions? They open us up and lead to creativity and skill-building that are also very adaptive and helpful that we need for survival. Also allows us to build social groups which is essential for survival
—
Studies of subjective well-being – individuals’ personal perceptions of their overall happiness and life satisfaction
—
Appears that the vast majority of people are fairly happy; only a small percentage below “neutral”

38
Q

What are the poor predictors of Subjective Well-being?

A

Money

Age

Parenthood

Attractiveness

39
Q

What are the moderate predictors of Subjective Well-being?

A

Health

Social Activity

Religion

40
Q

What are the strong predictors of Subjective Well-being?

A

Love and Marriage

Work

Genetics and Personality

Psychology 1002 midterm (3 decks)

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