Motivation and emotion Flashcards
Motivation
- driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others
- two types:
- primary/biological = biological, e.g. hunger, thirst, sex
- secondary/psychosocial = experience, e.g. power, status, affiliation
Psychodynamic Approach
- Drive/Instinct Model (sex & aggression)
- relatedness and self-esteem + wishes & fears,
- Conscious (aware, flexible, controllable, self-report) /Unconscious (expressed over time, no conscious effort or awareness, TAT)
- Thematic Apperception Test
= ambiguous stimuli, responses = unconscious motivations, needs, desires, impulses and conflicts
Behavioural Approach
- Operant Conditioning
= motivated by reward and punishment by environment - Drive-Reduction Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
motivated by desire for drive reduction
- drive = tension from deprivation (need)
- biological need (internal state of tension) → drive → goal directed behaviour (action) → need satisfied → homeostatis (equilibrium)
- ignores boredom and other cognitive processes
Cognitive approach
- goal-setting theory
- expectancy-value theory
- self-determination theory
goal-setting theory
conscious goals motivate behaviour, especially performance on tasks
- max job performance: discrepancy, specific, challenging, belief in ability, commitment, feedback
expectancy-value theory
= motivation is a joint function of value and expectancy associated with a goal
- value: how much goal matters
- expectancy: how much we believe we can accomplish it
→ higher value and higher expectancy = more motivated
self determination theory
- extrinsic motivation = behaviour bc of external outcomes
- intrinsic motivation: own sake, personal interest and enjoyment
- 3 fundamental needs: competence(effective), autonomy (free), relatedness (belong)
= when these three are met: goal is considered most intrinsically motivating
Humanistic Approach
- motivated by desire for personal growth
- cannot be motivated by the needs at next level before need at current level is fulfilled
- physiological → 2. safety → 3. love/belonging → 4. esteem → 5. self-actualization
Evolutionary Approach
- motivated by maximising reproductive success
- survival, reproduction (spread genes). inclusive fitness (protect genes)
- primary motives = power, love
Psychosocial motives
- relatedness (attachment, intimacy, affiliation)
- agency (power, competence, autonomy, self-esteem) + achievement
Relatedness
- attachment = proximity, comfort & pleasure
- intimacy = closeness, self-disclosure, mutual caring
- affiliation = interaction and communication with broader social networks, support, share experiences
→ lack = depression, sickness, mortality
Agency
power, competence, autonomy, self-esteem, achievement
Achievement
- Performance-approach goals = motivation to attain goal
- performance-avoidance goals = motivation to avoid failure
- mastery goals = motivated to increase competence, mastery or skill
Emotion + basic emotions
- involves physiological arousal, subjective experience and behavioural/emotional expression
- universal, 5-9 classifications, cross-cultural
Ekman’s 6= happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust
Physiological arousal (common sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schacter-Singer)
- e.g. muscle tension, fast heart rate, sweaty palms
Common sense = tremble because I’m scared (fear → trembling/emotion → arousal)
James-Lange = scared because I tremble (trembling → fear / arousal → emotion)
Cannon-Bard = simultaneously (brain activity → arousal + emotion
Schacter-Singer Two Factor Theory = cognitive appraisals → identify emotion
trembling → appraise as dangerous (appraisal)→ fear
because arousal not tied to specific emotion
appraisal inform us of our emotions based on expectations of what is likely
Subjective experience
- what it feels like, vary in intensity, valence, emotional experience and preference
intensity = extreme high: personality disorder vs extreme low: alexithymia (inability to recognise own feelings)
valence = positive/negative affect, usually correlated within these (domino)
- emotional expression
- facial expressions
- emotion regulation/suppression
- positive/negative emotional expression
Emotional Regulation
control emotional states, can be done before (less upsetting) and after they occur (suppress = ineffective)
Happiness
related to: democracy, culture, social connections, religion, money?
not: gender, age, attractiveness
