Motivation and emotion

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

• driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others
• two types:
• primary/biological = biological, e.g. hunger, thirst, sex
• secondary/psychosocial = experience, e.g. power, status, affiliation

Question 2

Psychodynamic Approach

Answer 2

• Drive/Instinct Model (sex & aggression)
• relatedness and self-esteem + wishes & fears,
• Conscious (aware, flexible, controllable, self-report) /Unconscious (expressed over time, no conscious effort or awareness, TAT)
• Thematic Apperception Test
  = ambiguous stimuli, responses = unconscious motivations, needs, desires, impulses and conflicts

Question 3

Behavioural Approach

Answer 3

• Operant Conditioning
  = motivated by reward and punishment by environment
• Drive-Reduction Theory

Question 4

Drive-Reduction Theory

Answer 4

motivated by desire for drive reduction

• drive = tension from deprivation (need)
• biological need (internal state of tension) → drive → goal directed behaviour (action) → need satisfied → homeostatis (equilibrium)
• ignores boredom and other cognitive processes

Question 5

Cognitive approach

Answer 5

• goal-setting theory
• expectancy-value theory
• self-determination theory

Question 6

goal-setting theory

Answer 6

conscious goals motivate behaviour, especially performance on tasks

• max job performance: discrepancy, specific, challenging, belief in ability, commitment, feedback

Question 7

expectancy-value theory

Answer 7

= motivation is a joint function of value and expectancy associated with a goal

• value: how much goal matters
• expectancy: how much we believe we can accomplish it
  → higher value and higher expectancy = more motivated

Question 8

self determination theory

Answer 8

• extrinsic motivation = behaviour bc of external outcomes
• intrinsic motivation: own sake, personal interest and enjoyment
• 3 fundamental needs: competence(effective), autonomy (free), relatedness (belong)

= when these three are met: goal is considered most intrinsically motivating

Question 9

Humanistic Approach

Answer 9

• motivated by desire for personal growth
• cannot be motivated by the needs at next level before need at current level is fulfilled

1. physiological → 2. safety → 3. love/belonging → 4. esteem → 5. self-actualization

Question 10

Evolutionary Approach

Answer 10

• motivated by maximising reproductive success
• survival, reproduction (spread genes). inclusive fitness (protect genes)
• primary motives = power, love

Question 11

Psychosocial motives

Answer 11

• relatedness (attachment, intimacy, affiliation)

- agency (power, competence, autonomy, self-esteem) + achievement

Question 12

Relatedness

Answer 12

• attachment = proximity, comfort & pleasure
• intimacy = closeness, self-disclosure, mutual caring
• affiliation = interaction and communication with broader social networks, support, share experiences
  → lack = depression, sickness, mortality

Question 13

Agency

Answer 13

power, competence, autonomy, self-esteem, achievement

Question 14

Achievement

Answer 14

• Performance-approach goals = motivation to attain goal
• performance-avoidance goals = motivation to avoid failure
• mastery goals = motivated to increase competence, mastery or skill

Question 15

Emotion + basic emotions

Answer 15

1. involves physiological arousal, subjective experience and behavioural/emotional expression
2. universal, 5-9 classifications, cross-cultural
   Ekman’s 6= happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust

Question 16

Physiological arousal (common sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schacter-Singer)

Answer 16

• e.g. muscle tension, fast heart rate, sweaty palms

Common sense = tremble because I’m scared (fear → trembling/emotion → arousal)

James-Lange = scared because I tremble (trembling → fear / arousal → emotion)

Cannon-Bard = simultaneously (brain activity → arousal + emotion

Schacter-Singer Two Factor Theory = cognitive appraisals → identify emotion
trembling → appraise as dangerous (appraisal)→ fear

because arousal not tied to specific emotion
appraisal inform us of our emotions based on expectations of what is likely

Question 17

Subjective experience

Answer 17

• what it feels like, vary in intensity, valence, emotional experience and preference

intensity = extreme high: personality disorder vs extreme low: alexithymia (inability to recognise own feelings)

valence = positive/negative affect, usually correlated within these (domino)

• emotional expression
• facial expressions
• emotion regulation/suppression
• positive/negative emotional expression

Question 18

Emotional Regulation

Answer 18

control emotional states, can be done before (less upsetting) and after they occur (suppress = ineffective)

Question 19

Happiness

Answer 19

related to: democracy, culture, social connections, religion, money?

not: gender, age, attractiveness