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psyc 100 exam 3 > motivation and emotion > Flashcards

motivation and emotion Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

-any internal process or condition that directs behav

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2
Q

motive

A

a need or desire

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3
Q

instinct

A

behav is motivated by instincts that are INBORN and are activated by environmental stimuli

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4
Q

drive reduction

A

behav is motivated by bio needs to maintain the body in a state of balance or equilibrium

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5
Q

arousal

A

motivated by need to achieve optimum lvls of arousal

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6
Q

incentive

A

behav is motivated by internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) incentives or rewards

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7
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

behav is motivated by the current most basic need, when diff motives compete: basic survival needs must be satisfied first before we are motivated to satisfy higher level needs such as belonging and self-esteem

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8
Q

instinct theory

A

ppl are motivated by their bio instincts

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9
Q

drive reduction theory

A

-physiological need creates an aroused state that drives us to reduce that need
-restores balance or equillibrium –> HOMEOSTASIS
-pushed by bio, inborn needs
-pulled by incentives in the environment

  1. biological need occurs
    –> (body is dehydrated)
  2. need gives rise to drive
    –>(drive-thirsty for water)
  3. organism motivated to satisfy drive
    –>(goal directed behav- action taken)
  4. drive reduced
    –>(need is satisfied - thirst relieved)
  5. balance is restored
    –> (homeostasis –> state of bio equillibrium)
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10
Q

arousal theory

A

-motivated to pursue an optimum lvl of stimulation (arousal)
-some motivated behav increase arousal
-some motivated behavs decrease arousal

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11
Q

how does arousal theory help explain behav?

A

-thrill-seeking, dangerous behav
-appetite for gossip and outraging news stories

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12
Q

yerkes-dodson law

A

ideal performance on task occurs when arousal lvl is optimized to the difficulty lvl of the task

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13
Q

incentives

A

-external motives that indirectly indicate reward

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14
Q

intrinsic motivations

A

engaging in a behav simply for the satisfaction that is part of doing it

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15
Q

extrinsic motiv

A

engaging in a behav due to the influence of factors outside ourselves (grades, money, recognition)

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16
Q

primary incentives

A

rewards (food) or punishments (pain) that are innate

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17
Q

secondary incentives

A

-cues that are viewed as rewarding as a result of learning abt their association w/ other events (work for money)
-refer to operant conditioning

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18
Q

dopamine pathway

A

-ventral tegmental area –> nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex

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19
Q

what is not well-explained by incentive theory

A

-multiple motivations
-physiological needs (physical survival)
-safety needs (feel safe and secure)
-belonging and love needs (close relationships w/ others)
-esteem needs (feel good abt oneself)
-self-actualization needs (to become all that one is capable of becoming)

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20
Q

maslows hierarchy of needs

A

-self actualization needs
-esteem needs
-belonging and love needs
-safety needs
-physiological needs

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21
Q

bio motivations: thirst

A

-water is critical for survival
-60% water
-motivated to drink to: maintain volume in our bodies and ions-to-water balance in cells

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22
Q

cues to eat

A

empty stomach and levels of nutrients in blood
-levels of glucose (blood sugar), lipids (body breaks down fats from food) and leptin (released from fat cells as they grow)
-LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH) signals hunger and thirst

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23
Q

cues to stop eating

A

VENTROMEDIAL REGION of hypothalamus (VMH) signals satiety (fullness)

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24
Q

dysfunction of hypothalamus

A

signal for satiety is destroyed –> eats more (unstoppable appetite)

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25
order of theories
instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, multiple motivations
26
prader-willi syndrome
-unstoppable appetite, related to hypothalamus dysfunction -diff between hunger and eating
27
body weight set point
- a weight that individs typ return to even after dieting or overeating -permanent eating and exercise changes as well as monitoring weight override set point controls
28
obesity
bmi of over 30
29
BMI
-body mass index -weight to height ratio
30
causes of obesity?
-genetics, SES, portion sizes, social eating, social circle, self regulation
31
anorexia nervosa + treatment
-eating disorder characterized by under eating -preoccupied w/ being or becoming fat -distorted body image of being overweight -extreme dieting and dangerous weight loss -may result in death (10% of cases) -more common in females -1/300 young women in Canada treatment: -CBT -nutritional counseling -hospitalization -family therapy
32
bulimia nervosa (cause and treatment)
-binge eating and then purging what was eaten -induce vomiting -use laxative -exercise excessively -may result in medical and dental problems -secretive and ashamed about binge and purge behav -most do not appear to be underweight -more common in females than males -1/100 young women in canada cause -associated w/ obsessive-compulsiveness -associated w/ anxiety and depression -often accompanied by self-harming behavs treatment -behav modification -reward healthy behav -cog therapy -develop healthier views of self and of eating -antidepressant and other drug treatments
33
binge-eating
-out of control eating of a large amount of food at one time -multiple times per week over months or years -psychological distress, negative emotional states -loss of control over food -inability to stop eating -more common in women and those who are obese -eating is done quickly and when full -done alone and w/ self loathing and shame treatment: -CBT -antidepressant drugs
34
bio motivations: choosing a mate
-the person you choose to have children with has been or will be selected based in part on your perception of his or her fitness to reproduce -physical characteristics: hip-to-waist ratio, physical symmetry -behav traits
35
motivation is:
-biological: survival of species (evolutionary) -social and cultural
36
social/cultural factors that influence motives for sex
-sexual norms and taboos differ -availability of potential mates
37
human sexual response: the body (what happens in the brain?)
-gazing at a photo of one's romantic partner activates the ventral tegmental area (VTA) -the VTA is activated during early-stage, intense romantic love, as well as when looking at photos of loved ones for which there is no sexual interest
38
gender diff in sexuality
-research in the field of evolutionary psych has shown that gender differences in sexuality have evolved to maximize the odds of reproduction and survival of offspring -men: desire mates that increase the odds of reproductive success -women: desire mates who are able to provide for and protect children.
39
sexual orientation (4)
-one's relative attraction to individuals of varied genders and contains 4 related phenomena 1. sexual behav, the range of sexual behavs a person engages in and who they engage in them with 2. sexual identity, how a person thinks of themselves, and their sexual orientation regardless of whether or not they share their identity beliefs w/others 3. sexual attraction, which involves studying who a person is sexually attracted to 4. sexual arousal, which involves the extent to which person is sexually aroused by erotic stimuli that includes individs of diff genders
40
conscious motivations
motivations that ppl are aware of and can verbalize
41
unconscious motivations
motivations that ppl are aware and cannot verbalize
42
unconscious motivation (2 methods)
-implicit association task -thematic apperception task
43
hedonic principle
we avoid painful exp and approach pleasurable exps
44
avoidance motivation
desire to avoid the exp of a negative outcome
45
Approach motiv
the desire to exp a positive outcome following a behav
45
loss aversion
a tendency to be motivated more strongly to avoid a loss rather than to achieve a gain even if the potential loss and gain are of equal size
46
amotivation
state of being w/o motivation
47
growth mindset
a belief that hard work and effort can improve a person's skill or talent in a particular area
48
fixed mindset
a belief that talent is INNATE and that skill in a particular area is not determined by hard work and effort
49
grit
long-term perseverance towards a goal
50
affiliation
need to form attachments to other ppl for support, guidance, and protection
51
benefits of affiliation
-from birth we seek connections to others -relationships increase self-esteem -ppl w/ social connections exp less depression -ppl in healthy relationships live longer
52
drawbacks of affiliation
-ppl stay in abusive relationships and join gangs in an effort to belong - polarization (esp in politics) -social exclusion activates the same region of the brain as physical pain (anterior cingulate cortex) -long term isolation can leas to permanent psychological dmg
53
self determination theory
-competence, relatedness, and autonomy give meaning to life and are instinctive -often associated w/ competition -too much value on rewards creates increased suffering upon failure -You can be intrinsically motivated to learn new things or extrinsically motivated by incentives
54
delaying gratification
-Social motiv are learned -Need to learn to work toward long-term goals -Requires delay of gratification and impulse control -Prefrontal cortex is necessary to comprehend and develop long-term goals - fully developed after puberty
55
emotion?
An intrapersonal state in response to an internal or external event
56
4 components of emotion
-physiological --> changes in bodily arousal --> heart rate, temp, and respiration -cognitive, feeling -subjective appraisal and interpretation of one's feelings and environment -physical, behav -expression of the emotion verbally and non-verbally (smiling, frowning, whining, laughing, reflecting, slouching) -emotional, behav -keeping the emotion present (happiness) or removing it (sadness)
57
physiological changes and emotion (SNS + PNS)
SNS: activated (pupils dilate, salivation decreases, goosebumps, increasing breathing, heart rate, bp, sweating) PNS (pupils constrict, salivation increases, sweat dries up, heart rate slows, and breathing slows..opposite of sns)
58
how to measure emotions
-behav displays of emotion --> observe behav and facial expression -self-reports of emotion --> widely used but has low validity -psychophysiological rxns --> face electromyography --> heart rate --> skin conductance --> fMRI
59
cognitive functions of emotions
-emotions help organize and retrieve memories -prioritize concerns, needs and goals -guide judgements and help us make decisions
60
behav functions of emotions
-emotions alter behavs -action tendencies --> emotions are associated w/ predictable patterns of behav that help us adapt and survive
61
social functions of emotions
-emotions are the foundation of relationships -emotions help improve relationship quality -helps w/ empathy and work performance
62
theories of emotion
-james lange --> felt emotions result from physiological changes rather than being their cause -cannon-bard -the subjective exp of emotion and activation of SNS occur simultaneously -schachter and singer's 2 factor theory -an emotional state is a function of both physiological arousal and cognition
63
Cognitive-mediational theory
-Cog interpretations, particularly appraisals, of events are keys to exps of emotion -Developed by Richard Lazarus -Cognitive appraisal is a cog mediator between environmental stimuli and our rxn to those stimuli
64
Facial-feedback theory
-Subjective exps of emotion are influenced by sensory feedback from facial muscular activity, or facial efference -Recent replication attempts have shown weak evidence for this effect
65
evolutionary theory of emotion
-Emotions are innate, passed through generations because they are necessary for survival
66
Basic emotions
A group of emotions preprogrammed into all humans regardless of culture
67
emotions and the brain?
-No single structure of the brain is linked to any specific emotions. Rather, it is the activation of the circuitry between these structures, ADDICTION to the structures, in addition to the structures themselves, that is critical for our CONSCIOUS EXP of an emotion
68
positive psych
Is the study and enrichment of: -Positive feelings: happiness, optimism -Positive traits; perseverance, wisdom -Positive abilities: interpersonal skills -Virtues: altruism, tolerance
69
happy ppl tend to be
-Optimistic, outgoing, curious, and tender-minded -Individs w/ high self-esteem, spiritual, goal directed, have a sense of control over their lives
70
longitudinal study of happy ppl
Highly optimistic ppl had a 55% reduced risk of death and a 23% reduced risk of heart problems

psyc 100 exam 3 (2 decks)

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