Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
motivation
the urge to move toward one’s goals; to accomplish tasks.
needs
inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives.
drives
the perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension.
incentive
any external object or event that motivates behavior.
homeostasis
the process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point.
set point
the ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature.
Yerkes–Dodson law
the principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance.
self-actualization
the inherent drive to realize one’s full potential.
glucose
a simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain.
sexual behavior
actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm.
sexual orientation
the disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex (heterosexual), the same sex (homosexual), or both sexes (bisexual).
achievement motivation
a desire to do things well and overcome obstacles.
extrinsic motivation
motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises
intrinsic motivation
motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy.
perceived organizational support
employees’ beliefs about how much the organization appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being.
emotions
brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation.
moods
affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emotions.
affective traits
stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses.
basic emotions
set of emotions that are common to all humans; includes anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
self-conscious emotions
types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by society’s rules.
broaden-and-build model
Fredrickson’s model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills.
antecedent event
a situation that may lead to an emotional response.
appraisal
the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one’s own welfare; drives the process by which emotions are elicited.
emotion regulation
the cognitive and behavioral efforts people make to modify their emotions.
reappraisal
an emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results.
expressive suppression
a response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion.
emotional response
the physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated.
Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
a widely used method for measuring all observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face.
Duchenne smile
a smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye.
universal
term referring to something that is common to all human beings and can be seen in cultures all over the world.
subjective experience of emotion
the changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses.
James-Lange theory of emotion
the idea that it is the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience.
neurocultural theory of emotion
Ekman’s explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotion regulation, are culturally derived.
display rules
learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them.
emotional intelligence
the ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others, empathic understanding, and skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others.
life satisfaction
the overall evaluation we make of our lives and an aspect of subjective well-being.
subjective well-being
state that consists of life satisfaction, domain satisfactions, and positive and negative affect.
Hubristic pride
More general, and slightly more arrogant, version of pride.
Thalamus
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Hypothalamus
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Hippocampus
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Amygdala
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Autonomic nervous system
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