Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

the urge to move toward one’s goals; to accomplish tasks.

Question 2

needs

Answer 2

inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives.

Question 3

drives

Answer 3

the perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension.

Question 4

incentive

Answer 4

any external object or event that motivates behavior.

Question 5

homeostasis

Answer 5

the process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point.

Question 6

set point

Answer 6

the ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature.

Question 7

Yerkes–Dodson law

Answer 7

the principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance.

Question 8

self-actualization

Answer 8

the inherent drive to realize one’s full potential.

Question 9

glucose

Answer 9

a simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain.

Question 10

sexual behavior

Answer 10

actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm.

Question 11

sexual orientation

Answer 11

the disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex (heterosexual), the same sex (homosexual), or both sexes (bisexual).

Question 12

achievement motivation

Answer 12

a desire to do things well and overcome obstacles.

Question 13

extrinsic motivation

Answer 13

motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises

Question 14

intrinsic motivation

Answer 14

motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy.

Question 15

perceived organizational support

Answer 15

employees’ beliefs about how much the organization appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being.

Question 16

emotions

Answer 16

brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation.

Question 17

moods

Answer 17

affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emotions.

Question 18

affective traits

Answer 18

stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses.

Question 19

basic emotions

Answer 19

set of emotions that are common to all humans; includes anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

Question 20

self-conscious emotions

Answer 20

types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by society’s rules.

Question 21

broaden-and-build model

Answer 21

Fredrickson’s model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills.

Question 22

antecedent event

Answer 22

a situation that may lead to an emotional response.

Question 23

appraisal

Answer 23

the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one’s own welfare; drives the process by which emotions are elicited.

Question 24

emotion regulation

Answer 24

the cognitive and behavioral efforts people make to modify their emotions.

Question 25

reappraisal

Answer 25

an emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results.

Question 26

expressive suppression

Answer 26

a response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion.

Question 27

emotional response

Answer 27

the physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated.

Question 28

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

Answer 28

a widely used method for measuring all observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face.

Question 29

Duchenne smile

Answer 29

a smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye.

Question 30

universal

Answer 30

term referring to something that is common to all human beings and can be seen in cultures all over the world.

Question 31

subjective experience of emotion

Answer 31

the changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses.

Question 32

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 32

the idea that it is the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience.

Question 33

neurocultural theory of emotion

Answer 33

Ekman’s explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotion regulation, are culturally derived.

Question 34

display rules

Answer 34

learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them.

Question 35

emotional intelligence

Answer 35

the ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others, empathic understanding, and skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others.

Question 36

life satisfaction

Answer 36

the overall evaluation we make of our lives and an aspect of subjective well-being.

Question 37

subjective well-being

Answer 37

state that consists of life satisfaction, domain satisfactions, and positive and negative affect.

Question 38

Hubristic pride

Answer 38

More general, and slightly more arrogant, version of pride.

Question 39

Thalamus

Answer 39

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Question 40

Hypothalamus

Answer 40

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Question 41

Hippocampus

Answer 41

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Question 42

Amygdala

Answer 42

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Question 43

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 43

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