Motivation Flashcards
Define Motivation
Motivation is the set of forces that initiates, directs and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.
Explain the three parts of motivation
○ Initiation of effort is the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs.
○ Direction of effort is the choices that people make in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs.
○ Persistence of effort is the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts
Explain performance
Performance is more than motivation.
Performance is a combination of motivation, ability and situational constraints.
Explain the Needs Theories of Motivation
The needs that are being discussed are the physical and mental needs of a human to ensure survival and well-being.
Needs theories are to do well how we are all ‘motivated’ to get our needs met.
What are extrinsic rewards
Extrinsic rewards are external tangible, visible, contingent on the performance of specific tasks or behaviours. It motivates people to join the organisation, regularly attend work, perform jobs well and stay with the organisation
What are intrinsic rewards
Intrinsic rewards are internal natural rewards due to performing tasks/activity. Motivates because of a sense of accomplishment, feeling of responsibility and a chance to learn new things.
Explain the two levels of needs
There are two different types of needs lower-order needs (extrinsic and physical) and higher-order (intrinsic and phycological needs).
What are the three main theories of needs
○ Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsTheory
○ Alderfer’s ERG Theory
McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory
Explain the equity theory
How employees’ perceptions of fairness affects their motivation.
People will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly.
Employees compare their performance outcomes and inputs with others. If they sense inequity employees are motivated to rectify the situation.
A reaction to inequity will differ as if you are under-rewarded it may lead to anger, whereas if you are over-rewarded this may lead to the feeling of guilt.
An employee’s reaction to inequity can include reduced inputs, increased outcomes, rationalised inputs, change the referent or leave.
Explain the components of an equity theory
Components are inputs, outcomes and referents.
○ Outcome: The reward an employee receives for their contributions to the organisation.
○ Input: The contribution an employee makes to the organisation.
○ Referent: Someone with whom a person compares themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly.
○ Outcome/input ratio is an employee’s perception of how the rewards received compare with the employee’s contributions to that organisation.
Explain the expectancy theory
How workers’ expectations about rewards influence their motivation.
People are motivated to the extent to they believe that their efforts lead to good performance and their good performance will be rewarded, with attractive rewards being offered.
What are the three factors that affect motivation
Valence, expectancy and instrumentality all are factors that affect peoples decisions about their motivation.
○ Valence is the attractiveness or desirability of a reward.
○ Expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.
○ Instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.
Explain the reinforcement theory
Behaviour is a function of its consequences.
Reinforcement contingencies equals cause and effect relationship.
Management rules for reinforcement contingencies; which behaviour will be reinforces, consequences will follow those behaviours and schedule by which those consequences will be delivered.
Managers should not reinforce the wrong behaviour, administer punishment at the appropriate time and choose the most simple and effective schedule of reinforcement.
What are the four difference types of reinforcement contingencies
○ Positive reinforcement (to strengthen behaviour): Desirable consequences strengthens behaviour.
○ Negative reinforcement (to strengthen behaviour): Behaviour avoids unpleasant consequences.
○ Punishment (to weaken behaviour): Unpleasant consequence weakens behaviour.
○ Extinction (to weaken behaviour): no consequence weakens behaviour.
Explain the goal setting theory
People will be motivated to achieve a target, objective or result, to the extent to which they accept specific, challenging goals and receive feedback that indicates their progress toward goal achievement.
Simply people direct their behaviour towards something
