motivation Flashcards
Delayering
Removing tiers of management, usually in the middle
🙂- save money on salaries, better communication, remaining employees are ‘empowered’, efficiency
☹- demoralised, demotivated, less efficient, cost implications, cost of training
Porter and Lawler Expectancy Theory
They propose that an individual’s motivation is affected by the reward they expect to receive for completing a task. (attractiveness of reward= level of motivation)
Intrinsic Reward
positive feelings from completing a task (pride, satisfaction)- more intrinsic rewards- importance of job content
Extrinsic Reward
come form outside the individual material rewards-(pay increase & bonuses)
Vroom Expectancy Theory
assumed that people acted in their own interests according to their beliefs about outcomes of their behaviour. He believed that people opted to maximise their happiness and minimise their unhappiness.
VIE
Valence- an individual will undertake a task if they believe they will receive a worthwhile reward.
Instrumentality- an individual needs to believe an action will lead to a result.
Expectancy- an individual’s belief in the likelihood of being able to achieve the target.
Job enrichment
giving employees more control over the tasks that they complete
Job enlargement
increasing the number of tasks completed by an employee
Job rotation
changing employee’s tasks, which are completed at regular intervals
Job design
jobs should include complete tasks that are of interest to the employee and challenging
Empowerment
a series of actions designed to give employees greater control over their working lives
🙂- delayering is possible as some middle managers are no longer needed, can make working lives of employees more interesting, productivity may rise (motivation)
☹- delayering- redundancies & damaged morale, does not work in all circumstances, be given more responsibilities (stress)
Fredrick Taylor
Taylor believed that people only work for money and that they should be told exactly how to do their jobs.
Eton Mayo
Mayo separated six volunteer female employees from their workmates and tried various different working methods on the group, such as different bonus methods, different lighting and different rest periods. (productivity increased with each change)
Herzberg ‘Two Factor’
Hygiene factors are all around the job, but are not part of the job. Motivators relate to the job itself and can be used to positively motivate employees:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s theory was that employees have a series of needs they seek to fulfil at work. These are in a hierarchy – once a lower level need is satisfied, individuals strive to satisfy needs further up the hierarchy.
