Motivation Flashcards
What is motivation
The internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour. (Sage1974)
A drive to fulfil a need (Gill 1986)
What are the 4 Main Aspects to Motivation:
1.Internal Mechanisms – motivation is affected by a person’s inner drives.
2.External Mechanisms – motivation is affected by factors that we
experience within our learning situations.
3.Arouse Behaviour – motivation is affected by state of arousal that
energises our behaviour. It is linked to intensity of effort.
4.Direct Behaviour – motivation affects our goals and selection of
activities and maintenance of behaviour.
Define intrinsic motivation with an e.g.
The drive from within a person to perform a task or activity for its own sake.
Performance is driven by the pursuit of personal satisfaction and challenge.
E.g. climbing a mountain for personal reward
Define extrinsic motivation with an e.g.
The drive to perform a task or activity in order to achieve a tangible reward.
Performance is driven by external factors.
E.g. taking part in a rugby tournament to win a trophy
3 positive effects of intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic rewards may be more ‘valuable’ with the individual taking part for their own gain/ benefit, i.e. satisfaction/ to win/ pride/ enjoyment.
Intrinsic motivation may encourage lifelong participation/ be more long term (AO3)
Intrinsic motivation is more self-sufficient i.e. you don’t need anyone else to be present/ notice.
2 negative effects of intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motives such as fun and enjoyment may disappear / intrinsic motivators may not be enough to maintain the motivation to participate.
A cognitive learner may find it difficult and not that enjoyable so may require more than just intrinsic motivation to keep them persisting in the learning.
3 positive effects of extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic rewards may have more of a significant impact
Extrinsic rewards such as badges may be a very effective way to get children to start to learn a sport
Extrinsic rewards may improve confidence
4 negative effects of extrinsic motivation
It has been suggested that extrinsic motivation may undermine/ not be as valuable as intrinsic motivators.
Extrinsic motivation may not lead to long term participation/ may lose effect.
If extrinsic rewards are removed motivation may decline i.e. once you have achieved all the badges, been given money or trophies etc.
May be demotivating if you don’t achieve the ‘level’ required for extrinsic reward i.e. swimming badge
3 Considerations when using extrinsic motivation
1.Frequency – How often they are used.
2.Interval – How quickly after the event.
3.Magnitude – The value or quantity of the reward
Other recommendations when using extrinsic motivation:
Use positive reinforcement and avoid use of punishment
It must meet the needs of the recipient
Continuous reinforcement is desirable in the early SOL
Intermittent is more desirable in the later SOL
Immediate reinforcement generally more effective
Reward appropriate behaviour
Provide Knowledge of Results (KR)
Summary of drive reduction theory
We are all motivated or have desires to achieve or solve problems (DRIVES).
The theory says that the need to learn inspires motivation, and the drive succeed at the task
This leads to the performer achieving the desired outcome (action)
Which in turn leads to a reduction in drive (motivation) to achieve the same outcome (since it has already been achieved)
This is known as INHIBITION
Therefore a change in desired outcome (a change in the need to learn), would be necessary to inspire new motivation or drive
So at this point we need new goals to be set.
This reduction in drive acts as reinforcement and strengthens the S-R bond.
Therefore, It is important that not only correct technique or good performance leads to the drive reduction (bad habits)
